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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

three major types of vessel

A

arteries, capillaries, and veins

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2
Q

— carry blood away from the heart, — carry blood toward the heart

A

arteries; veins

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3
Q

contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs

A

capillaries

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4
Q

wall of arteries and veins are composed of three tunies

A

tunica externa, tunica media and tunica interna (intima)

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5
Q

tunics

A

wall has 3 layers

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6
Q

tunica externa

A
  • outermost layer
  • collagen fibers protect reinforce vessels
  • larger vessels contain vasa vasorum
  • thicker wall vein compared to an artery
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7
Q

tunica media

A
  • middle layer
  • contains smooth muscles and may contain elastic fiber layer makes external elastic lamina
  • controls vasoconstriction/vasodilation of vessels
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8
Q

tunica interna

A
  • flat cells make endothelial lining (endothelium)
  • produce basement membrane
  • may contain internal elastic lamina
  • veins contain valves inside
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9
Q

arteries

A
  • larger vessels
  • mostlu contain oxy blood
  • wall has 3 tunies
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10
Q

2 types of arteries

A

elastic (conducting) arteries and muscular arteries

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11
Q

larger arteries

A

elastic (conducting) arteries

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12
Q

medium to smaller arteries

A

muscular arteries

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13
Q

elastic arteries

A
  • thick-walled arteries near heart
  • large lumen allow low-resistance in blood flow
  • contain elastic fiber in all three tunics
  • withstand and smooth out large blood pressure fluctuations
  • allow blood to flow smoothly
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14
Q

muscular arteries

A
  • branches of elastic arteries
  • deliver blood to body organ
  • have thick tunica media with more smooth muscle and less elastic tissue
  • active vasoconstriction
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15
Q

atrioloes

A
  • divisions of arteries
  • collect blood from arteries and drain it to capillaries
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16
Q

capillaries

A
  • microscopic blood vessels
  • wall consists of endothelium and basement membrane
  • exchanges carbon monoxide, oxygen, waste, and nutrient with tissue
  • smallest blood vessels
  • cosisting a thin tunica interna, consists a single layer of endothelial cells
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17
Q

on the outer surface help stabilize capillary walls

A

pericytes

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18
Q

contractile cells that wrap around the endothelial cells of capillaries and venules

A

pericytes (rouget cells or mural cells)

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19
Q

are abundant in the skin and muscles

A

continous capillaries

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20
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A
  • absorption or filtrate formation occurs
  • endothelial cells contain fenestrae (windows or pores)
  • greater permeability solutes and fluids
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21
Q

sinisoids

A
  • fenestrated capillaries with large lumens
  • phagocytic kupffer cells
  • found in liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue and some endocrine organs
  • large molecules (proteins and blood cells) pass between blood and surrounding tissue
  • blood flows sluggishly
22
Q

capillary beds consist of two types of vessels

A

vascular shunts and true capilliaries

23
Q

consist of metarteriole–thoroughfare channels connecting an arteriole directly to a venule

A

vascular shunts

24
Q

10 to 100 per capillary bed

A

true capillaries

25
Q

precapillary sphincter

A
  • smooth muscle between arteriole and capillary
  • controls flow of oxy blood to capillary
26
Q

venules

A
  • capillaries unite to form venules
  • venules carry deoxy blood to veins
27
Q

veins

A
  • venules together make veins
  • carry deoxy blood to heart
  • has all 3 tunics
28
Q

vascular sinus

A
  • veins without smooth muscle
  • cannot contrict or dilate
  • fixed diameter
29
Q

vascular anastomoses

A
  • special interconnection of blood vessels to ensure blood supply
  • organs receive blood from more than one arterial branches
  • arterial anastomoses
  • e alternate pathways for blood supply called collateral channels
30
Q

blood pressure

A
  • pressure created by blood on wall of blood vessel
  • force per unit area on blood vessel wall
  • clinically pressure of an artery
31
Q

120 mm Hg

A

systolic pressure

32
Q

80 mm Hg

A

diastolic pressure

33
Q

100 mm Hg

A

mean systemic pressure

34
Q

40 mm Hg (difference between systolic and diastolic pressure)

A

pulse pressure

35
Q

93 mm Hg (= Diastolic pressure + Pulse pressure/3)

A

mean arterial pressure

36
Q

force of friction between the blood and the wall of a blood vessel

A

resistance (R)

37
Q

higher blood viscosity will cause higher resistance

A

blood viscosity

38
Q

the longer the vessel, the more the resistance

A

length of vessel

39
Q

the more the radius, the less the resistance

A

radius of vessel

40
Q

capillary exchange

A
  • blood flow through capillary is not constant, its intermittent
  • due to vasomotion
  • contraction and relaxation of precapillary sphincter (occur between 5-20 times per minute)
  • during exchange process between blood and tissu, some fluid protein leave blood tissue space capillary wall
  • part of fluid returned blood
41
Q

4 pressure systems control this exchange process:

A
  • blood hydrostatic pressure (bhp)
  • interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (ifhp)
  • blood osmotic pressure (bop)
  • interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (ifop)
42
Q

blood hydrostatic pressure (bhp)

A
  • takes fluid out from the blood to the tissue
  • BHP= 30 mm Hg at the arterial end and 15 mm Hg at the venous end of the capillary
43
Q

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (ifhp)

A
  • tends to move fluid from the tissue to the blood
  • IFHP is considered to be 0 at both ends of the capillary
44
Q

blood osmotic pressure (bop)

A
  • tends to move fluid back to the blood
  • BOP= 28 mm Hg at both ends
45
Q

interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (ifop)

A
  • moves fluid from blood to the tissue
  • IFOP= 6 mm Hg at both ends
46
Q

systolic pressure below 90 mm Hg

A

hypotension

47
Q

due to vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels

A

pale, cool skin

48
Q

due to increased ADH

A

reduced urine production

49
Q

increased lactic acid

A

acidosis

50
Q
  • increased heart rate
  • due to inccreased epinephrine
A

tachy cardia

51
Q

reduced cardiac output

A

weak pulse

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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