Chapter 20

Question 1

major lymphatic trunks include:

Answer 1

lumbar (paired), bronchomediastinal (paired), subclavian (paired), jugular trunks(paired) and intestinal trunk (single)

Question 3

lymphatic collecting vessels

Answer 3

• three tunics as veins
• vessels have thinner walls than veins more internal valves

Question 4

larger collections appear in the — of mucous membranes and lymphoid organs

Answer 4

lamina propria

Question 5

lymphatic trunks join to form two lymphatic ducts:

Answer 5

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

Question 6

afferent lymphatic vessels

Answer 6

lymph enters these nodes

Question 7

peyer’s patches

Answer 7

• isolated clusters of lymphoid tissues
• found in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine
• similar structures are also found in the appendix
• peyer’s patches and the appendix destroy bacteria, prevent them from
  invading the intestinal wall
• generate “memory” lymphocytes for long-term immunity

Question 8

at the base of the palate – commonly removed

Answer 8

palatine tonsils (paired)

Question 9

is much larger than the right lymphatic duct. It serves the left atrium, left side of head and neck, abdomen and lower extremities

Answer 9

thoracic duct

Question 10

thymus

Answer 10

• T-lymphocytes to become immunocompetent cells
• densely packed lymphocytes scattered macriphages
• star-shaped thymocytes secret thymosins and thymopoietins that
  stimulate lymphocytes to become immunocompetent

Question 11

if lymph nodes are overwhelmed by large numbers of antigens, they
become inflamed and tender

Answer 11

buboes (swollen glands)

Question 12

at the base of the tongue – may also be removed

Answer 12

lingual tonsils (paired)

Question 13

in the nasopharynx

Answer 13

pharyngeal tonsil (single)

Question 14

they derive from monocytes and phagocytize foreign substances and
help activate T cells

Answer 14

macrophages

Question 15

lymph vessels include:

Answer 15

microscopic, permeable, blind-ended lymphatic capillaries; lymphatic collecting vessels; lymphatic trunks and lymphatic ducts

Question 16

• main cells involved in the immune response
• are T cells B cells
• B cells are transformed into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies

Answer 16

lymphocytes

Question 17

there are fibroblast like cells that produce a fibrous network to support other cell types in lymphoid organs

Answer 17

recticular cells

Question 18

tonsils

Answer 18

• formed by the aggregation of lymph nodes
• associated with the production of
  lymphocytes and antibodies
• crypts trap and destroy bacteria

Question 19

drains the right arm and the right side of the head, neck and thorax

Answer 19

right lymphatic duct

Question 20

area containing mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers and
involved in immune functions

Answer 20

white pulp

Question 21

spleen

Answer 21

• served by the splenic artery and vein, which enter and exit at the
  hilus
• site of lymphocyte proliferation, immune surveillance and response
• cleanses blood and stores breakdown products of RBCs
• site of fetal erythrocyte production (normally ceases after
  birth)
• stores blood platelets

Question 22

lymphoid organs

Answer 22

bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils

Question 23

lymphatic capillaries

Answer 23

• capillaries are remarkably permeable as endothelial cells are
  loosely connected
• endothelial cells allow interstitial fluid to enter lymph capillaries
  but don’t allow lymph to escape from the capillaries
• mini valves
• during imflammation, lymph capilliaries absorb cell debris, pathogens, cancer cells etc.
• lacteals are specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa that absorb digested fat and deliver to the blood

Question 24

interstitial fluid once it enters lymphatic vessels

Answer 24

lymph

Question 25

efferent lymphatic vessels

Answer 25

lymph leaves the node at the hilus

Question 26

3 main functions:

Answer 26

• lymphatic capillaries take up excess tissue fluid and return it to
  blood stream
• lymphatic capillaries (lacteals) absorb fat molecules in the gut and
  transport them to blood stream
• lymphatic system helps to defend the body against disease

Question 27

bone marrow

Answer 27

• contains hematopoietic stem cells
• stem cells produce blood cells including lymphocytes

Question 28

splenic tissue concerned with disposing of worn-out RBCs
and blood-borne pathogens

Answer 28

red pulp

Question 29

these are spiny-looking cells with functions similar to macrophage cells

Answer 29

dendrite cells

Question 30

pathway of lymphatic system

Answer 30

lymphatic capillaries → lymphatic afferent vessels → lymph nodes →
lymphatic efferent vessels → lymphatic collecting vessels → lymphatic trunks → lymphatic ducts

Question 31

drain lymph into the circulatory system at the junction of the subclavian and internal jugular veins

Answer 31

lymphatic duct