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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

antimicrobial peptides that inhibit microbial growth

A

defensins

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2
Q

exposed to foreign substances secrete
pyrogens (proteins)

A

leukocytes and macrophages

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3
Q

affects multiple organs

A

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

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4
Q

cause hyperthyroidism

A

graves’ disease

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5
Q

such as stellate macrophages of liver tissue and microglia of brain tissue also fight tissue infections

A

phagocytic process

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6
Q

are skin and mucous membranes, along with their secretions

A

surface barriers

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7
Q

they function as B cell receptor

A

IgD

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8
Q

B lymphocytes

A
  • are activated when antigens bind to surface receptor
  • plasma cells produce antibodies at rate about 200 molecules per second for 4 to 5 days, then they die
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9
Q

ability to stimulate proliferation of specific
lymphocytes

A

immunogenticity

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10
Q

provide similar mechanical barriers

A

mucosal lining

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11
Q

in inflammatory chemical release, chemicals are released into injured tissues

A

histamine released by mast cells key inflammatory chemical

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12
Q

develop from monocytes and are the most robust group of phagocytic cells

A

macrophages

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13
Q

neutrophils flatten and squeeze between endothelial cells to move into interstitial spaces

A

diapedesis

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14
Q

are toxic to some bacteria

A

lipids in sebum and dermcidin in sweat

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15
Q

five major classes:

A

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, and IgE

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16
Q

destroys joints

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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17
Q

neutralization

A
  • simplest but most effective mechanism
  • antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins forming antigen-antibody complexes
  • this prevents antigens from binding to receptors on cells
  • antigens-antibody complexes are then removed by phagocytosis
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18
Q

immunological memory

A
  • between 3 to 6 days
  • peaks levels of plasma antibody are reached in 10 days
  • antibody evels peak in 2 to 3 days
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19
Q

(antibody-mediated) immunity

A

humoral

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20
Q

such as alveolar macrophage cells wander through tissue
and fight infection

A

free macrophages

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21
Q

large, chemically simple molecules (such as plastics) have little or no immunogenicity

A

antigenic determinants

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22
Q

made up of two systems:

A

innate and adaptive

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23
Q

ability to react with activated lymphocytes and antibodies

A

reactivity

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24
Q

fuses with lysosome, forming phagolysosome

A

phagosome

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25
Q

they can form tumor-like growths

A

granulomas

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26
Q

innate

A
  • this is a nonspecific defense system
  • makes first and second lines of defense against pathogens or
    microorganisms
  • it is a fast response system
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27
Q

peptide molecules produced by neutrophils also help piercing pathogen membranes

A

defensins

28
Q

these are agglutinating agent

A

IgM

29
Q

they help prevent entry of pathogens

A

IgA

30
Q

neutrophils are released from bone marrow

A

leukocytosis

31
Q

antibodies are grouped into —

A

monomer, dimer, and pentamer

32
Q

antigens can be a complete antigen or —

A

hapten (incompete)

33
Q

formed in response to vaccine of dead or
attenuated pathogens

A

artificially acquried

34
Q

destroys pancreatic cells

A

type 1 diabetes mellitus

35
Q

complements consist of about —

A

20 blood proteins

36
Q

TLRs release

A

cytokines

37
Q

adaptives

A
  • it is slow response mechanism
  • innate and adaptives defenses are interconnected
38
Q

are non-phagocytic large granular lymphocytes
can kill cancer and virus-infected cells before adaptive immune system is
activated

A

natural killer (NK) cells

39
Q
  • make 75-85% of antibodies in plasma
  • involved in late primary to secondary responses
A

IgG

40
Q

eosinophils bind to IgE and release their toxic contents onto prey, lysing it from the outside

A

parasitic infections by worms

41
Q

formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection

A

naturally acquried

42
Q

they cause mast cells and basophils to release histamine

A

IgE

43
Q

agglutination

A
  • antibodies can bind to two different antigens at the same
  • this allows for antigen-antibody complexes to be cross-linked into
    large clumps
44
Q

antimicrobial proteins, phagocytic and other cells to inhibit spread of invaders

A

second line of defense

45
Q

sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract traps
microorganisms

A

mucin

46
Q

precipitation

A
  • soluble molecules (instead of cells) are cross-linked into
    complexes
  • complexes precipitate out of solution and then phagocytosed
47
Q

proteins attack microorganisms directly or affect their ability to reproduce

A

interferons (IFNs)

48
Q

mobilizes macrophages and NK cells

A

IFN-y

49
Q

inflammatory chemicals act as chemotactic agents to attract neutrophils into the injured area

A

chemotaxis

50
Q

is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins

A

keratin

51
Q

acidity of skin and some mucous secretions inhibits growth; called acid mantle

A

acid

52
Q

(cell-mediated) immunity

A

cellular

53
Q

macrophages

A
  • widely distributed in connective tissues and lymphoid organs
  • activated macrophages transform into phagocytic killer T-cells
  • also trigger inflammatory responses to trigger additional defenses
54
Q

complement fixation

A
  • this a major antibody defense against cellular antigens (bacteria,
    mismatched RBCs)
  • several antibodies are bound close together on same antigen leading to cell lysis
55
Q

lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms; enzymes and acid in stomach kill many microorganism

A

enzymes

56
Q

are the most abundant phagocytic cells but die fighting; become
phagocytic on exposure to infectious material

A

neutrophils

57
Q

external body membranes (skin and mucosae)

A

first line of defense

58
Q

raising body temperature

A

pyrogens act on hypothalamus (body’s thermostat)

59
Q

dendritic cells

A
  • found in connective tissues and epidermis
  • effectively phagocytize pathogens that enter tissues
60
Q

endothelial cells of capillaries in inflamed area produce cell
adhesion molecules (CAMs). CAMs attach to neutrophils, causing them to slow down and stick to blood vessel wall

A

margination

61
Q

some pathogens are not killed with acidified lysosomal enzymes

A

tuberculosis bacteria

62
Q

vasodilation causes hyperemia — leading to redness and heat

A

hyperemia (excess blood supply)

63
Q

impairs nerve-muscle connections

A

myasthenia gravis

64
Q

damages kidney

A

glomerulonephritis

65
Q

is a specific defense mechanism to destroy
pathogens or abnormal cells

A

adaptive immune system

66
Q

are molecules that are too small and not immunogenic (not causing immune response)

A

incomplete antigens (haptens)

67
Q

destroys white matter myelin

A

multiple sclerosis

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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