A&P Chapter 1 Flashcards
study of structure of body part and their relationship to one another
Anatomy
study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities
Physiology
is the study of large, visible structures
gross or macroscopic anatomy
deals with structures to small to be seen by naked eye
microscopic anatomy
studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life
developmental anatomy
Subdivisions of physiology
- based on organ system
- often focuses on cellcular and molecular levels of the body
complementarity of structure and function
anatomy and physiology are inseparable
Structural Organization:
- chemical level: atoms, molecules, and organelles
- cellular level: single cell
- tissue level: groups of similar cells
- organ level: contains two or more types of tissue
- organ system level: organs that work closely together
- organismal level: all organ system combined to make the whole organism
Necessary life functions:
maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excertion, reproduction, and growth
Separation between internal and external environments must exist
- plasma membranes separate cells
Maintaining Boundaries
Muscular system allow movement
- of body parts via skeletal muscles
Movement
Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
- control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities
Responsiveness
Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood
Digestion
All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
- sum od all catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules)
Metabolism
Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
- urea (from breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (from metabolism), feces (unabsorbed foods)
Excretion
- At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair
- At the organismal level reproduction is the production of offspring
Reproduction
Increase in size of a body part or of organism
Growth
integumentary system
skin (protection)
skeletal system
protects body organs, holds body together, and creates blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, and minerals)
muscular system
attach to bones to create movement , maintains posture and produces heat
nervous system
powerful system, fast-acting control system, responds to internal and external, made from brain and spinal cord
endocrine system
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
cardiovascular system
consists of blood vessels and heart, capallaries is the smallest vein in the body
Lymphatic system/ immunity
picks up leaked fluids from blood vessels and returns it into the blood through lymphatic stream which houses white blood cells, immune response attack against foreign substance within the body
digestive system
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
respiratory system
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
urinary system
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
Survival needs:
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure
chemicals for energy and cell building
nutrients
essential for release of energy from foods
oxygen
most abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions
water
if body temperature falls below or goes above 37*C (98.6F), rated of chemical reactions are affected
normal body temperature
specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs
appropriate atomospheric pressure
is the maintenance of relatively stable interal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
homeostasis
3 homeostatic controls:
receptor, control center, and effector (negative or positive feedback)
are factors that can change (blood sugar, body temperature, blood volume, etc.)
variables
body must constantly be monitored and regulated to maintain homeostasis
homeostatic controls
receptor (sensor)
- monitor environment
- responds to stimuli (things that cause changes in controlled variables)
control center
- determines set point at which variable is maintained
- receives input from receptor
- determines appropriate response
effector
- receives output from control center
- provides the means to respond
negative feedback
- stop/slow down stimulus response
- ex: regulation of blood glucose by insulin
positive feedback
- enhances stimulus response
- ex: labor contractions
cranial cavity
brain
vertebal cavity
spinal cord
thoracic cavity
heart and lungs
abdominal cavity
digestive viscera
pelvic cavity
urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
ventral body cavity
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
