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Anatomy and Physiology > A&P Chapter 1 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

study of structure of body part and their relationship to one another

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities

A

Physiology

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3
Q

is the study of large, visible structures

A

gross or macroscopic anatomy

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4
Q

deals with structures to small to be seen by naked eye

A

microscopic anatomy

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5
Q

studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life

A

developmental anatomy

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6
Q

Subdivisions of physiology

A
  • based on organ system
  • often focuses on cellcular and molecular levels of the body
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7
Q

complementarity of structure and function

A

anatomy and physiology are inseparable

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8
Q

Structural Organization:

A
  • chemical level: atoms, molecules, and organelles
  • cellular level: single cell
  • tissue level: groups of similar cells
  • organ level: contains two or more types of tissue
  • organ system level: organs that work closely together
  • organismal level: all organ system combined to make the whole organism
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9
Q

Necessary life functions:

A

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excertion, reproduction, and growth

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10
Q

Separation between internal and external environments must exist
- plasma membranes separate cells

A

Maintaining Boundaries

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11
Q

Muscular system allow movement
- of body parts via skeletal muscles

A

Movement

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12
Q

Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
- control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities

A

Responsiveness

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13
Q

Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood

A

Digestion

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14
Q

All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
- sum od all catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules)

A

Metabolism

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15
Q

Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
- urea (from breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (from metabolism), feces (unabsorbed foods)

A

Excretion

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16
Q
  • At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair
  • At the organismal level reproduction is the production of offspring
A

Reproduction

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17
Q

Increase in size of a body part or of organism

A

Growth

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18
Q

integumentary system

A

skin (protection)

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19
Q

skeletal system

A

protects body organs, holds body together, and creates blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, and minerals)

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20
Q

muscular system

A

attach to bones to create movement , maintains posture and produces heat

21
Q

nervous system

A

powerful system, fast-acting control system, responds to internal and external, made from brain and spinal cord

22
Q

endocrine system

A

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

23
Q

cardiovascular system

A

consists of blood vessels and heart, capallaries is the smallest vein in the body

24
Q

Lymphatic system/ immunity

A

picks up leaked fluids from blood vessels and returns it into the blood through lymphatic stream which houses white blood cells, immune response attack against foreign substance within the body

25
Q

digestive system

A

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells

26
Q

respiratory system

A

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

27
Q

urinary system

A

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

28
Q

Survival needs:

A

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

29
Q

chemicals for energy and cell building

A

nutrients

30
Q

essential for release of energy from foods

A

oxygen

31
Q

most abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions

A

water

32
Q

if body temperature falls below or goes above 37*C (98.6F), rated of chemical reactions are affected

A

normal body temperature

33
Q

specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

A

appropriate atomospheric pressure

34
Q

is the maintenance of relatively stable interal conditions despite continuous changes in environment

A

homeostasis

35
Q

3 homeostatic controls:

A

receptor, control center, and effector (negative or positive feedback)

36
Q

are factors that can change (blood sugar, body temperature, blood volume, etc.)

A

variables

37
Q

body must constantly be monitored and regulated to maintain homeostasis

A

homeostatic controls

38
Q

receptor (sensor)

A
  • monitor environment
  • responds to stimuli (things that cause changes in controlled variables)
39
Q

control center

A
  • determines set point at which variable is maintained
  • receives input from receptor
  • determines appropriate response
40
Q

effector

A
  • receives output from control center
  • provides the means to respond
41
Q

negative feedback

A
  • stop/slow down stimulus response
  • ex: regulation of blood glucose by insulin
42
Q

positive feedback

A
  • enhances stimulus response
  • ex: labor contractions
43
Q

cranial cavity

A

brain

44
Q

vertebal cavity

A

spinal cord

45
Q

thoracic cavity

A

heart and lungs

46
Q

abdominal cavity

A

digestive viscera

47
Q

pelvic cavity

A

urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

48
Q

ventral body cavity

A

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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