chapter 21 - blood vessels and hemodynamics Flashcards
what are the three blood vessel types?
arteries, capillaries, and veins
what carries blood away from the heart?
arteries
what is the site of nutrient and gas exchange?
capillaries
what carries blood towards the heart?
veins
what are small veins?
venules
what moves blood?
heart pumping, muscle contraction, breathing, and one way valves
what is more important for solute exchange?
diffusion
what is more important for fluid exchange?
bulk flow
what is the balance of overall volume (fluid & solutes) reabsorbed nearly equal to that filtered out?
net filtration pressure
what is the amount of blood that flows through any tissue in a given period of time?
blood flow
what is the total blood flow throughout the entire systemic system each minute?
cardiac output
what happens when veins are exposed to higher than normal pressures?
varicose veins
what helps normalize pressure in the brain?
carotid sinus reflux
what is stimulation of the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus called?
the carotid sinus reflex
what is stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors called?
the aortic reflex
what helps normalize the systemic nervous system?
aortic reflex
what raises blood pressure?
angiotensin II
what is released by kidney if blood volume falls or blood flow decreases?
renin
what causes reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys?
aldosterone
what are the two ways that angiotensin II raises blood pressure?
vasoconstriction and stimulating secretion of aldosterone
what is the response to dehydration or decreased blood pressure?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
where is antidiuretic hormone released from?
the posterior pituitary gland
what is a natural diuretic hormone?
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
what lowers blood pressure and reduces blood volume?
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
what is it called when the cardiovascular system is unable to deliver enough O2 and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs?
shock
what type of shock is due to decreased blood volume?
hypovolemic shock
what type of shock is due to poor heart function?
cariogenic shock
what type of shock is due to obstruction of blood flow?
obstructive shock
what type of shock is due to excess vasodilation?
vascular shock
which type of shock is seen in allergies?
vascular shock (anaphylaxis)
what is normal blood pressure?
120/80
what is defined as an elevated systolic or diastolic blood pressure?
hypertension
what are the stages of hypertension?
prehypertension, stage 1 HTN, stage 2 HTN
