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Somatic Studies Comp > chapter 19 - blood > Flashcards

chapter 19 - blood Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of blood?

A

transportation, regulation, and protection

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2
Q

what type of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

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3
Q

what is the liquid portion of blood?

A

plasma

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4
Q

what is the solid portion of blood?

A

formed elements

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5
Q

what are red blood cells (most), white blood cells, and platelets?

A

formed elements in blood

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6
Q

what does plasma consist of?

A

water (most), solutes (proteins, electrolytes, gases, nutrients, regulatory substances, and waste)

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7
Q

what are most of the solutes in blood plasma?

A

proteins

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8
Q

what produces the proteins in blood plasma?

A

the liver

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9
Q

what are albumin, fibrinogen, and globulin?

A

plasma proteins

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10
Q

what is a plasma protein that maintains osmotic pressure?

A

albumin

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11
Q

what is a plasma protein that helps stop bleeding (clotting)?

A

fibrinogen

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12
Q

what is a plasma protein that protects against virus and bacteria?

A

globulins

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13
Q

what is another name for RBCs?

A

erythrocytes

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14
Q

what transports oxygen from the lungs to cells and transport carbon dioxide from cells to lungs?

A

RBCs

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15
Q

what is another name for white blood cells?

A

leukocytes

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16
Q

what protects from invading pathogens and foreign substances?

A

leukocytes

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17
Q

what is another name for platelets?

A

thrombocytes

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18
Q

what promote blood clotting when there is damage?

A

thrombocytes

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19
Q

what is the water inside of cells called?

A

intercellular

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20
Q

what is the water outside of cells called?

A

extracellular

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21
Q

what is the fluid that is outside of organs and blood vessels?

A

interstitial fluid

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22
Q

what is the process by which formed elements of blood develop?

A

hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis

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23
Q

what are blood cells in red bone marrow formed from?

A

pluripotent stem cells

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24
Q

what is a reticulocyte?

A

an immature red blood cell

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25
Q

what happens as a reticulocyte matures?

A

the nucleus is ejected

26
Q

what transports oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide from cells?

A

red blood cells

27
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

oxygen carrying protein

28
Q

what are huge cells that splinter into thousands of fragments?

A

megakaryocytes

29
Q

what helps stop blood loss from damaged vessels by clotting?

30
Q

what is a fragment of megakaryocytes enclosed by a piece of the plasma membrane?

A

platelet (thrombocyte)

31
Q

what are neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils?

A

types of white blood cells

32
Q

what are the most common white blood cells, first to the scene, phagocytic?

A

neutrophils

33
Q

what are the main phagocytes of white blood cell, become macrophages?

34
Q

what are white blood cells that enhance inflammation and secrete histamine (increasing blood flow)?

35
Q

what are white blood cells that combat inflammation, (parasites)?

A

eosinophils

36
Q

what is a sequence of responses that stops bleeding (hemorrhage)?

A

hemostasis

37
Q

what are the three mechanisms that reduce blood loss?

A

vascular spasm, formation of platelet plug, and blood clotting (coagulation)

38
Q

what is a vascular spasm?

A

smooth muscle fibers constrict, reducing blood loss (minutes to hours)

39
Q

what are the three steps to the formation of a platelet plug?

A
  1. Platelet adhesion
  2. Release reaction
  3. Platelet aggregation (plug the hole)
40
Q

what is an enzyme produced by extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?

A

prothrombinase

41
Q

which pathway in blood clotting is fast?

A

extrinsic pathway

42
Q

which pathway in blood clotting is slower?

A

intrinsic pathway

43
Q

what is it called when prothrombinase is converted into prothrombin and thrombin?

A

the common pathway

44
Q

what is the common pathway?

A

the second stage of blood clotting

45
Q

what happens in the third phase of blood clotting?

A

thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin

46
Q

what is fibrin?

A

insoluble fibers

47
Q

what does thrombin speed up the formation of?

A

extra prothrombinase and activates platelets

48
Q

what is a foreign substance?

49
Q

what blood type has “universal donors”?

A

O individuals (no antigens)

50
Q

what is the ABO blood group determined by?

A

the presence or absence of A and B antigens

51
Q

which blood type has “universal recipients”?

A

AB individuals (neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies)

52
Q

what blood type is determined by the presence of absence of A and B antigens?

A

ABO blood group

53
Q

what is the Rh system?

A

RBC with Rh antigen are Rh+ and without Rh antigen are Rh-

54
Q

what happens when a Rh+ fetus develops in the uterus of an Rh- woman?

A

hemolytic disease

55
Q

what is a group of cancers of the bone marrow which results in uncontrollable division of WBCs?

56
Q

what is the total blood volume occupied by RBCs?

A

hematocrit

57
Q

what is a condition where the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced due to low RBCs?

58
Q

what is the result of a low iron intake?

59
Q

what is a condition of abnormally high hematocrit?

A

polycythemia

60
Q

what is caused by a genetic defect that produces abnormal hemoglobin?

A

sickle-cell disease

61
Q

what causes blockages in blood vessels?

A

sickle-cell disease

Somatic Studies Comp (24 decks)

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