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Somatic Studies Comp > chapter 18 - the endocrine system > Flashcards

chapter 18 - the endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what is a “free” hormone, bind to receptors in plasma membrane outside of the cell?

A

water soluble hormone

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2
Q

what is bound to transport protein, when they get to target cell they can diffuse through plasma membrane (has more direct effect)?

A

lipid soluble hormone

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3
Q

what is a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body and has an effect on cells in another part of the body?

A

a hormone

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4
Q

what do somatotrophs release?

A

human growth hormone (HGH)

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5
Q

what does human growth hormone (HGH) do?

A

stimulates general body growth

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6
Q

what is acromegaly?

A

the result of excess HGH during adulthood

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7
Q

what are thyrotrophs release?

A

thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH)

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8
Q

what do thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) do?

A

controls secretions and activities of the thyroid (T3 and T4, metabolism)

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9
Q

what do lactotrophs do?

A

secrete prolactin (PRL)

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10
Q

what does prolactin (PRL) do?

A

initiates milk production in mammary glands

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11
Q

what do corticotrophs do?

A

secrete adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

aka: Corticotrophin

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12
Q

what does adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) hormones/corticotropin do?

A

stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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13
Q

what hormones do the posterior pituitary gland produce?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

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14
Q

what does ADH/vasopressin do?

A

decrease urine production, return more water to the blood

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15
Q

what do follicular cells produce?

A

the thyroid hormones T3 and T4

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16
Q

what is the hormone produced by parafollicular cells (in the thyroid)?

A

calcitonin

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17
Q

what does slow heart rate, sensitivity to cold, dry hair and skin, edema, and weight gain indicate?

A

hypothyroidism

18
Q

what does increased heart rate, weight loss, tremors, and exophthalmus (sometimes) indicate?

A

hyperthyroidism

19
Q

what is the most common form of hyperthyroidism?

A

grave’s disease

20
Q

what is the most common form of hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimoto’s

21
Q

what decreases the level of calcium in the blood?

A

calcitonin

22
Q

what inhibits the activity of osteoclasts and bone resorption?

A

calcitonin

23
Q

what do the parathyroid glands release?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

24
Q

what does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

monitors low levels of blood calcium

25
Q

what do parathyroid hormones (PTH) increase?

A

increase the blood calcium level

26
Q

what are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A

the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

27
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

steroid hormones that are essential for life

28
Q

what do mineralocorticoids affect?

A

mineral homeostasis (aldosterone)

29
Q

what do mineralocorticoids/aldosterone regulate?

A

sodium and potassium levels

30
Q

what do mineralocorticoids maintain?

A

normal blood pressure and volume

31
Q

what do glucocorticoids regulate?

A

metabolism of glucose and resistance to stress

32
Q

what is the main glucocorticoid?

A

cortisol

33
Q

what is cortisol?

A

the stress handling hormone of the body

34
Q

what is a hyperadrenal disorder?

A

cushing’s syndrome

35
Q

what are hypoadrenal disorders?

A

addison’s disease

36
Q

what does glucagon do?

A

increases blood glucose

37
Q

what happens when blood glucose increases?

A

hepatocytes (liver cells) convert glycogen to glucose

38
Q

what does insulin do?

A

decrease blood glucose levels by converting glucose into glycogen

39
Q

what is the loss of insulin production or the inability to respond to insulin?

A

diabetes mellitus

40
Q

what is it called when the immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells?

A

type I diabetes (congenital)

41
Q

what is it called when cells in target organs become less sensitive to insulin?

A

type II diabetes (dietary)

Somatic Studies Comp (24 decks)

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