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Bio 112-102 > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.

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2
Q

True or False: A phylogenetic tree can depict the passage of time in evolution.

A

True

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The length of the branches in a phylogenetic tree often represents _______.

A

time

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4
Q

Multiple Choice: What does a node represent in a phylogenetic tree? A) A species B) A common ancestor C) A time period D) A habitat

A

B) A common ancestor

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5
Q

How does the arrangement of a phylogenetic tree reflect evolutionary changes over time?

A

The arrangement shows how species diverged from common ancestors, indicating the sequence and timing of evolutionary events.

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6
Q

True or False: Organisms that appear closely related on a phylogenetic tree always share a recent common ancestor.

A

False

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7
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Convergent evolution is the process where unrelated organisms independently evolve similar traits due to adapting to similar environments.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: The similarities between organisms that are not closely related can often be attributed to __________.

A

homoplasy

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9
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a reason why organisms may appear closely related despite being distantly related? A) Genetic drift B) Convergent evolution C) Natural selection D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

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10
Q

Short Answer: What role does the rate of evolution play in the interpretation of phylogenetic trees?

A

The rate of evolution can vary significantly among different lineages, leading to discrepancies in the perceived relatedness of organisms on a phylogenetic tree.

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11
Q

What is the primary reason scientists distinguish between homologous and analogous traits when building phylogenetic trees?

A

To accurately represent evolutionary relationships among organisms.

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12
Q

True or False: Homologous traits arise from a common ancestor, while analogous traits arise independently in different lineages.

A

True

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: Homologous traits provide __________ evidence for constructing phylogenetic trees.

A

evolutionary

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14
Q

Which type of trait is misleading when determining evolutionary relationships: homologous or analogous?

A

Analogous

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15
Q

What is an example of a homologous trait?

A

The forelimbs of mammals, birds, and reptiles.

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16
Q

What is the highest level of the taxonomic classification system?

A

Domain

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17
Q

True or False: The taxonomic classification system includes only five levels.

A

False

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The second level of the taxonomic classification system is called __________.

A

Kingdom

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19
Q

List the levels of the taxonomic classification system in order from highest to lowest.

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

20
Q

Which level of classification comes immediately after ‘Phylum’?

A

Class

21
Q

Multiple Choice: What level of classification is ‘Canis’ in the species name ‘Canis lupus’?

A

Genus

22
Q

True or False: ‘Species’ is the most specific level of classification.

A

True

23
Q

What is the purpose of the taxonomic classification system?

A

To organize and categorize living organisms based on shared characteristics.

24
Q

Fill in the blank: The taxonomic level that groups organisms by their evolutionary history is called __________.

A

Phylogeny

25
Q

What is the lowest level of the taxonomic classification system?

A

Species

26
Q

What term describes traits that are similar due to convergent evolution, such as the body shape of dolphins and fish?

A

Analogous traits

27
Q

True or False: The similar body shape of dolphins and fish is an example of homologous traits.

A

False

28
Q

Fill in the blank: Dolphins are __________, while fish are __________.

A

mammals; aquatic animals

29
Q

What is the main reason dolphins and fish have similar body shapes?

A

Adaptation to similar aquatic environments

30
Q

Which of the following best describes homologous traits?

A

Traits that are similar due to shared ancestry

31
Q

What is the principle of maximum parsimony in phylogenetics?

A

The principle of maximum parsimony states that the simplest explanation or tree that requires the least number of evolutionary changes should be preferred.

32
Q

True or False: Maximum parsimony always provides the correct phylogenetic tree.

A

False

33
Q

Fill in the blank: Maximum parsimony is often used to infer __________ relationships among species.

A

evolutionary

34
Q

Which of the following methods is commonly associated with maximum parsimony: a) distance matrix, b) neighbor-joining, c) character-state optimization?

A

c) character-state optimization

35
Q

Short answer: What is a potential limitation of using maximum parsimony in phylogenetic analysis?

A

It can be overly simplistic and may not account for complex evolutionary scenarios such as convergent evolution.

36
Q

What are the three main theories for the evolution of eukaryotic cells?

A

The three main theories are the endosymbiotic theory, the autogenous theory, and the hybrid hypothesis.

37
Q

True or False: The endosymbiotic theory suggests that eukaryotic cells originated from a symbiotic relationship between prokaryotic cells.

A

True

38
Q

Fill in the blank: The ________ theory posits that eukaryotic cells evolved from the infolding of prokaryotic cell membranes.

A

autogenous

39
Q

Which theory combines elements of both the endosymbiotic and autogenous theories?

A

The hybrid hypothesis

40
Q

Short Answer: What is a key piece of evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory?

A

The presence of double membranes and circular DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

41
Q

What is the primary reason aphids can change color?

A

Aphids can change color primarily for camouflage and to avoid predation.

42
Q

True or False: All aphid species have the ability to change color.

A

False

43
Q

Fill in the blank: Aphids acquired color-changing abilities through ________ adaptation.

A

evolutionary

44
Q

What environmental factor is known to influence the color change in aphids?

A

Light exposure and temperature

45
Q

Which selective pressure contributes to the evolution of color change in aphids?

A

Predation by visual hunters

Bio 112-102 (59 decks)

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