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A&P I & II > Chapter 19-The Cardiovascular System: The Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 19-The Cardiovascular System: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Requiring molecular oxygen

A

Aerobic

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2
Q

A pain in the chest related to reduced coronary circulation due to coronary artery disease (CAD) or spasms of vascular smooth muscle in coronary arteries

A

Angina pectoris

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3
Q

The pointed end of a conical structure

A

Apex

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4
Q

An irregular heart rhythm

A

Arrhythmia

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5
Q

Group of diseases characterized by thickening of the walls of arteries and loss of elasticity

A

Arteriosclerosis

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6
Q

A lesion that results from accumulated cholesterol and smooth muscle fibers (cells) of the tunica media of an artery; may become obstructive

A

Atherosclerotic plaque

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7
Q

Asynchronous contraction of cardiac muscle fibers in the atria that results in the cessation of atrial pumping

A

Atrial fibrillation

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8
Q

The part of the conduction system of the heart that begins at the atrioventricular (AV) node, passes through the cardiac skeleton separating the atria and the ventricles, then extends a short distance down the interventricular septum before splitting into right and left bundle branches. Also called the bundle of His (HISS)

A

Atrioventricular bundle

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9
Q

The part of the conduction system of the heart made up of a compact mass of conducting cells located in the septum between the two atria

A

Atrioventricular node

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10
Q

A heart valve made up of membranous flaps of cusps that allows blood to flow in one direction only, from an atrium into a ventricle

A

Atrioventricular valve

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11
Q

A superior chamber of the heart

A

Atrium

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12
Q

Examination by listening to sounds in the body

A

Ausculation

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13
Q

Neuron capable of responding to changes in blood, air, or fluid pressure

A

Barrorecpetor or pressorreceptor

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14
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valve on the left side of the heart

A

Bicuspid valve or mitral valve

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15
Q

A slow resting heart or pulse rate (under 50 beats per minute)

A

Bradycardia

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16
Q

A complete heartbeat consisting of systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) of both atria plus systole and diastole of both ventricles

A

Cardiac cycle

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17
Q

A group of mesodermal cells in the head end of an embryo that gives rise to the heart

A

Cardiogenic area

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18
Q

The study of the heart and diseases associated with it

A

Cardiology

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19
Q

Groups of neurons scattered within the medulla oblongata that regulate heart rate, force of contraction, and blood vessel diameter

A

Cardiovascular center

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20
Q

Sensory receptor that detects the presence of a specific chemical

A

Chemoreceptor

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21
Q

Tendonlike, fibrous cords that connect atrioventricular valves of the heart with papillary muscles

A

Chordae tendineae

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22
Q

A congential heart defect in which a segment of the aorta is too narrow. As a result, the flow of oxygenated blood to the body is reduced, the left ventricle is forced to pump harder, and high blood pressure develops

A

Coarctation of the aorta

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23
Q

The alternate route taken by blood through a anastomosis

A

Collateral circulation

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24
Q

A group of autorhythmic cardiac muscle fibers that generates and distributes electrical impulses to stimulate coordinated contraction of the heart chambers; includes the sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) bundle, the right and left bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibers

A

Conduction system

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25
Q

The ability of cells or parts of cells to actively generate force to undergo shortening for movements. Muscle fibers (cells) exhibit a high degree of this

A

Contractility

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26
Q

A condition such as atherosclerosis that causes narrowing of coronary arteries so that blood flow to the heart is reduced. The result is coronary heart disease (CHD), in which the heart muscle receives inadequate blood flow due to an interruption of its blood supply

A

Coronary artery disease

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27
Q

The pathway followed by the blood from the ascending aorta through the blood vessels supplying the heart and returning to the right atrium

A

Coronary circulation or cardiac circulation

28
Q

A wide venous channel on the posterior surface of the heart that collects the blood from the coronary circulation and returns it to the right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

29
Q

In the cardiac cycle, the phase of relaxation or dilation of the heart muscle, especially of the ventricles

30
Q

A recording of the electrical changes that accompany the cardiac cycle that can be detected at the surface of the body; may be resting, stress, or ambulatory

A

Electrocardiogram

31
Q

The layer of the heart wall, composed of endothelium and smooth muscle, that lines the inside of the heart and covers the valves and tendons that hold the valves open

A

Endocardium

32
Q

The thin outer layer of the heart wall, composed of serous tissue and mesothelium

A

Epicardium or visceral pericardium

33
Q

An opening in the fetal heart in the septum between the right and left atria. A hole in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone that transmits the mandibular branch of the trigeminal (V) nerve

A

Foramen ovale

34
Q

An arrhythmia (dysrhythmia) of the heart in which the atria and ventricles contract independently because of a blocking of electrical impulses through the heart at some point in the conduction system

A

Heart block

35
Q

An abnormal sound that consists of a flow noise that is heard before, between, or after the normal heart sounds, or that may mask normal heart sounds

A

Heart murmur

36
Q

Lowering of body temperature below 35 degree C (95 degree F); in surgical procedures it refers to deliberate cooling of the body to slow down metabolism and reduce oxygen needs of tissues

A

Hypothermia

37
Q

Lack of adequate oxygen at the tissue level

38
Q

An irregular transverse thickening of sarcolemma that contains desmosomes, which hold cardiac muscle fibers (cells) together, and gap junctions, which aid in conduction of muscle action potentials from one fiber to the next

A

Intercalated disc

39
Q

One of several types of particles containing lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) and proteins that make it water soluble for transport in the blood; high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis, whereas high levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are associated with decreased risk of atherosclerosis.

A

Lipoprotein

40
Q

The broad, median partition between the pleurae of the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column in the thoracic cavity

A

Mediastinum

41
Q

The middle primary germ layer that gives rise to connective tissues, blood and blood vessels and muscles

42
Q

Gross necrosis of myocardial tissue due to interrupted blood supply.

A

Myocardial infarction or heart attack

43
Q

The middle layer of the heart wall, made up of cardiac muscle tissue, lying between the epicardium and the endocardium and constituting the bulk of the heart

A

Myocardium

44
Q

The defelction wave of an electrocardiogram that signifies atrial depolarization

45
Q

A congenital heart defect in which the ductus arteriosus remains open. As a result, aortic blood flows into the lower-pressure pulmonary trunk, increasing pulmonary trunk pressure and overworking both ventricles

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

46
Q

Projecting muscle bundles of the anterior atrial walls and the lining of the auricles

A

Pectinate muscles

47
Q

Small potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium that contains pericardial fluid

A

Pericardial cavity

48
Q

A loose-fitting membrane that encloses the heart, consisting of a superficial fibrous layer and a deep serous layer

A

Pericardium

49
Q

A receptor located in muscles, tendons, joints, or the internal ear (muscle spindles, tendon organs, joint kinesthetic receptors, and hair cells of the vestibular apparatus) that provides information about body position and movements

A

Proprioceptors

50
Q

A flow of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and the return of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

A

Pulmonary circulation

51
Q

Muscle fiber (cell) in the ventricular tissue of the heart specialized for conducting an action potential to the myocardium; part of the conduction system of the heart

A

Purkinje fiber

52
Q

A valve between the aorta or the pulmonary trunk and a ventricle of the heart

A

Semilunar valve

53
Q

An opening in the atrial septum (atrial septal defect) because the foramen ovale fails to close, or the ventricular septum (ventricular septal defect) due to incomplete development of the ventricular system

A

Septal defect

54
Q

A small mass of cardiac muscle fibers (cells) located in the right atrium inferior to the opening of the superior vena cava that spontaneously depolarize and generate a cardiac action potential about 100 times per minute

A

Sinoatrial node or natural pacemaker

55
Q

An abnormal narrowing or constriction of a duct or opening

56
Q

A grove or depression between parts, especially between teh convolutions of the brain

57
Q

The routes through which oxygenated blood flows from the left ventricle through the aorta to all organs of the body and deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium

A

Systemic circulation

58
Q

In the cardiac cycle, the phase of contraction of the heart muscle, especially of the ventricles

59
Q

The deflection of an electrocardiogram that represents ventricular repolarization

60
Q

An abnormally rapid resting heartbeat or pulse rate (over 100 beats per minute)

A

Tachycardia

61
Q

A combination of four congential heart defects: 1) constricted pulmonary semilunar valve, 2) interventricular septal opening, 3) emergence of the aorta from both ventricles instead of from the left only, and 4) enlarged right ventricle

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

62
Q

Ridges and folds of the myocardium in the ventricles

A

Trabeculae carneae

63
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valve on the right side of the heart

A

Tricuspid valve

64
Q

A cavity in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid. An inferior chamber of the heart

65
Q

Asynchronous ventricular contractions; unless reversed by defibrillation, results in heart failure

A

Ventricular fibrillation

A&P I & II (16 decks)

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