Chapter 1 Flashcards
The careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.
Dissection
The science of body structures and the relationships among them.
Anatomy
The science of body functions–how the body parts work.
Physiology
The smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
Atoms
The first level in the structural organization in the human body
Chemical level
The second level in structural organization in the human body
Cellular level
The third level in structural organization in the human body
Tissue level
The fourth level in structural organization in the human body
Organ level
The fifth level in structural organization in the human body
System level
The sixth level in structural organization in the human body
Organismal level
This level of structural organization in the human body includes: atoms and molecules
Chemical level, the 1st level of structural organization in the human body
This level of structural organization in the human body includes: cells
Cellular level, the 2nd level of structural organization in the human body
This level of structural organization in the human body includes: tissues
Tissue level, the 3rd level of structural organization in the human body
This level of structural organization in the human body includes: organs
Organ level, the 4th level of structural organization in the human body
This level of structural organization in the human body includes: related organs with a common function
System level, the 5th level of structural organization in the human body
This level of structural organization in the human body includes: all the parts of the human body functioning together
Organismal level, the 6th level of structural organization in the human body
The basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals
Cells
Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
Tissues
This type of tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands
Epithelial tissue
This type of tissue connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues
Connective tissue
This type of tissue contracts to make body parts move and generates heat
Muscular tissue
This type of tissue carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses
Nervous tissue
Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and recognizable shapes
Organs
A type of muscular tissue that contracts to churn and mix food and then push it into the next digestive organ, the small intestine
Smooth muscle tissue
The innermost lining of the stomach that produces fluid and chemicals responsible for digestion in the stomach
Epithelial tissue layer
Consists of related organs with a a common function
System
Any living individual
Organism
Diagnostic technique that does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening
Noninvasive diagnostic technique
A noninvasive diagnostic technique in which the examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal
Inspection
A noninvasive diagnostic technique in which the examiner feels the body surfaces with hands
Palpation
A noninvasive diagnostic technique in which the examiner listens to the body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs
Auscultation
A noninvasive diagnostic technique in which the examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting echo
Percussion
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
Metabolism
The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
Catabolism
The building up of chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
Anabolism
The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
Responsiveness
The motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells
Movement
An increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, and increase in the number of cells, or both
Growth
The development of a cell from an I specialized to a specialized state
Differentiation
Precursor cells, which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
Stem cells
1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, OR 2) the production of a new individual
Reproduction
Postmortem (after death) examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death
Autopsy
Dilute, water solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them
Body fluids
The fluid within the cells
Intercellular fluid (ICF)
The fluid outside the body cells
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
The ECF that fills the narrow space a between the cells of tissues is known as:
Interstitial fluid
Term for ECF within the blood vessels
Blood plasma
Term for ECF within lymphatic vessels
Lymph
The term for ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid
The term for ECF in the joints
Synovial fluid
The term for ECF in the eyes
Aqueous humor and vitreous body
Interstitial fluid is often called the body’s:
Internal environment
The nervous system regulates homeostasis by sending electrical signals known as [blank] to organs that can counteract changes from a balanced state
Nerve impulses
The endocrine system includes many glands that secrete messenger molecules called [blank] into the blood
Hormones
A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, reminisced, reevaluated, and so on
Feedback system
A monitored variable in a feedback system, such as blood sugar, is a controlled condition called a:
Stimulus
Name the three basic components of a feedback system
Receptor, control center, effector
Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center
Receptor
Type of pathway that carries information from the receptor to the control center
Afferent pathway
A place in the brain that sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained (set point), evaluated the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed
Control center
Type of pathway that carries information from the control center to the effector
Efferent pathway
A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
Effector
Type of feedback system that reverses a change in a controlled condition
Negative feedback system
Type of feedback system that tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions
Positive feedback system
Any abnormality of structure of function
Disorder
Illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
Disease
Type of disease that affects one part or a limited region of the body
Local disease
Type of disease that affects either the entire body or several parts of it
Systematic disease
Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
Symptoms
Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure
Signs
The science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community
Epidemiology
The science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in treatment of disease
Pharmacology
The science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
Diagnosis
Position where the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with palms turned forward. The body is upright
Anatomical position
Position of the body when lying face down
Prone position
Position of the body when lying face up
Supine position
Region of the body that consists of the skull and face
Head - cephalic
Region of the body that consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis
Trunk
Region of the body that consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm (from shoulder to elbow), forearm (from elbow to wrist), wrist, and hand
Upper limb
Region of the body that consists of the buttock, thigh (from the buttock to the knee), leg (from the knee to the ankle), ankle, and foot
Lower limb
Region of the body that is located on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side, where the trunk attaches to the thighs
Groin
The term for forehead
Frontal
The term for temple
Temporal
The term for eye
Orbital or ocular
The term for ear
Otic
The term for cheek
Buccal
The term for nose
Nasal
The term for mouth
Oral
The term for chin
Mental
The term for breastbone
Sternal
The term for breast
Mammary
The term for navel
Umbilical
The term for hip
Coxal
The term for groin
Inguinal
The term for thumb
Pollex
The term for hand
Manual
The term for the top of the foot
Dorsum
The term for the big toe
Hallux
The term for the head
Cephalic
The term for the skull
Cranial
The term for the face
Facial
The term for the neck
Cervical
The term for the armpit
Auxillary
The term for the arm
Brachial
The term for the front of elbow
Antecubital
The term for the forearm
Antebrachial
The term for the wrist
Carpal
The term for the palm
Palmar or volar
The term for the fingers
Digital or phalangeal
The term for the thigh
Femoral
The term for the anterior surface of the knee
Patellar
The term for the leg
Crural
Term for the ankle
Tarsal
Term for the toes
Digital or phalangeal
Term for the foot
Pedal
Term for the base of the skull
Occipital
Term for the shoulder
Acromial
Term for the shoulder blade
Scapular
Term for the spinal column
Vertebral
Term for the back of the elbow
Olecranal or cubital
Term for the location between the hips (in the middle of the back)
Sacral
Term for the tailbone
Coccygeal
Term for the buttock
Gluteal
Term for the region between the anus and external genitals
Perineal
Term for the hollow part behind the knee
Popliteal
Term for the calf
Sural
Term for the sole
Plantar
Term for the back of the hand
Dorsum
Term for the heel
Calcaneal
Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another
Directional terms
Directional term describing toward the head, or upper part of a structure
Superior
Directional term describing away from the head, or lower part of a structure
Inferior
Directional term describing nearer to or at the front of the body
Anterior
Directional term describing nearer to or at the back of the body
Posterior
Directional term describing nearer to the midline
Medial
Directional term describing farther from the midline
Lateral
Directional term describing between two structures
Intermediate
Directional term describing on the same side of the body as another structure
Ipsilateral
Directional term describing on the opposite side of the body from another structure
Contralateral
Directional term describing nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure
Proximal
Directional term describing farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
Distal
Directional term describing toward or on the surface of the body
Superficial (external)
Directional term describing away from the surface or the body
Deep (internal)
Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
Planes
A vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides
Sagital plane
Term for when a plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides
Midsagittal plane or median plane
An imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides
Midline
If the sagital plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or organ into unequal right and left sides it is called the:
Parasagittal plane
Type of plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
Frontal or coronal plane
A plane that divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
Transverse plane, cross-sectional plane, or horizontal plane
Plane that passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than 90-degree angle)
Oblique plane
A cut of the body or one if its organs made along one of the planes
Section
Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs
Body cavities
Cavity formed by cranial bones and contains brain
Cranial cavity
Cavity formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
Vertebral canal
Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum
Thoracic cavity
Cavity in the thoracic cavity that each surrounds a lung
Pleural cavity
The cavity within the thoracic cavity that surrounds the heart
Pericardial cavity
Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from the sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
Mediastinum
Cavity subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
Abdominopelvic cavity
Cavity that contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
Abdominal cavity
Cavity that contains the urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
Pelvic cavity
Dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called:
Viscera
Thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures
Membrane
Slippery, double-layered membrane that covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen
Serous membrane
The serous membrane of the pleural cavities is called the:
Pleura
The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the:
Pericardium
The serous membrane if the abdominal cavity is the:
Peritoneum
Techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body
Medical imaging
