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A&P I & II > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

0
Q

The careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.

A

Dissection

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1
Q

The science of body structures and the relationships among them.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The science of body functions–how the body parts work.

A

Physiology

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3
Q

The smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions

A

Atoms

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4
Q

The first level in the structural organization in the human body

A

Chemical level

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5
Q

The second level in structural organization in the human body

A

Cellular level

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6
Q

The third level in structural organization in the human body

A

Tissue level

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7
Q

The fourth level in structural organization in the human body

A

Organ level

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8
Q

The fifth level in structural organization in the human body

A

System level

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9
Q

The sixth level in structural organization in the human body

A

Organismal level

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10
Q

This level of structural organization in the human body includes: atoms and molecules

A

Chemical level, the 1st level of structural organization in the human body

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11
Q

This level of structural organization in the human body includes: cells

A

Cellular level, the 2nd level of structural organization in the human body

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12
Q

This level of structural organization in the human body includes: tissues

A

Tissue level, the 3rd level of structural organization in the human body

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13
Q

This level of structural organization in the human body includes: organs

A

Organ level, the 4th level of structural organization in the human body

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14
Q

This level of structural organization in the human body includes: related organs with a common function

A

System level, the 5th level of structural organization in the human body

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15
Q

This level of structural organization in the human body includes: all the parts of the human body functioning together

A

Organismal level, the 6th level of structural organization in the human body

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16
Q

The basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

A

Cells

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17
Q

Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

A

Tissues

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18
Q

This type of tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands

A

Epithelial tissue

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19
Q

This type of tissue connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues

A

Connective tissue

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20
Q

This type of tissue contracts to make body parts move and generates heat

A

Muscular tissue

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21
Q

This type of tissue carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses

A

Nervous tissue

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22
Q

Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and recognizable shapes

A

Organs

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23
Q

A type of muscular tissue that contracts to churn and mix food and then push it into the next digestive organ, the small intestine

A

Smooth muscle tissue

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24
Q

The innermost lining of the stomach that produces fluid and chemicals responsible for digestion in the stomach

A

Epithelial tissue layer

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25
Q

Consists of related organs with a a common function

A

System

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26
Q

Any living individual

A

Organism

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27
Q

Diagnostic technique that does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening

A

Noninvasive diagnostic technique

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28
Q

A noninvasive diagnostic technique in which the examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal

A

Inspection

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29
Q

A noninvasive diagnostic technique in which the examiner feels the body surfaces with hands

A

Palpation

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30
Q

A noninvasive diagnostic technique in which the examiner listens to the body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs

A

Auscultation

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31
Q

A noninvasive diagnostic technique in which the examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting echo

A

Percussion

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32
Q

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

A

Metabolism

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33
Q

The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

A

Catabolism

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34
Q

The building up of chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

A

Anabolism

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35
Q

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

A

Responsiveness

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36
Q

The motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

A

Movement

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37
Q

An increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, and increase in the number of cells, or both

A

Growth

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38
Q

The development of a cell from an I specialized to a specialized state

A

Differentiation

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39
Q

Precursor cells, which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation

A

Stem cells

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40
Q

1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, OR 2) the production of a new individual

A

Reproduction

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41
Q

Postmortem (after death) examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death

A

Autopsy

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42
Q

Dilute, water solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them

A

Body fluids

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43
Q

The fluid within the cells

A

Intercellular fluid (ICF)

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44
Q

The fluid outside the body cells

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

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45
Q

The ECF that fills the narrow space a between the cells of tissues is known as:

A

Interstitial fluid

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46
Q

Term for ECF within the blood vessels

A

Blood plasma

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47
Q

Term for ECF within lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph

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48
Q

The term for ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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49
Q

The term for ECF in the joints

A

Synovial fluid

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50
Q

The term for ECF in the eyes

A

Aqueous humor and vitreous body

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51
Q

Interstitial fluid is often called the body’s:

A

Internal environment

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52
Q

The nervous system regulates homeostasis by sending electrical signals known as [blank] to organs that can counteract changes from a balanced state

A

Nerve impulses

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53
Q

The endocrine system includes many glands that secrete messenger molecules called [blank] into the blood

A

Hormones

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54
Q

A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, reminisced, reevaluated, and so on

A

Feedback system

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55
Q

A monitored variable in a feedback system, such as blood sugar, is a controlled condition called a:

A

Stimulus

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56
Q

Name the three basic components of a feedback system

A

Receptor, control center, effector

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57
Q

Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center

A

Receptor

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58
Q

Type of pathway that carries information from the receptor to the control center

A

Afferent pathway

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59
Q

A place in the brain that sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained (set point), evaluated the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed

A

Control center

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60
Q

Type of pathway that carries information from the control center to the effector

A

Efferent pathway

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61
Q

A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

A

Effector

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62
Q

Type of feedback system that reverses a change in a controlled condition

A

Negative feedback system

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63
Q

Type of feedback system that tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions

A

Positive feedback system

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64
Q

Any abnormality of structure of function

A

Disorder

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65
Q

Illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

A

Disease

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66
Q

Type of disease that affects one part or a limited region of the body

A

Local disease

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67
Q

Type of disease that affects either the entire body or several parts of it

A

Systematic disease

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68
Q

Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer

A

Symptoms

69
Q

Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure

A

Signs

70
Q

The science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community

A

Epidemiology

71
Q

The science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in treatment of disease

A

Pharmacology

72
Q

The science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another

A

Diagnosis

73
Q

Position where the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with palms turned forward. The body is upright

A

Anatomical position

74
Q

Position of the body when lying face down

A

Prone position

75
Q

Position of the body when lying face up

A

Supine position

76
Q

Region of the body that consists of the skull and face

A

Head - cephalic

77
Q

Region of the body that consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis

A

Trunk

78
Q

Region of the body that consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm (from shoulder to elbow), forearm (from elbow to wrist), wrist, and hand

A

Upper limb

79
Q

Region of the body that consists of the buttock, thigh (from the buttock to the knee), leg (from the knee to the ankle), ankle, and foot

A

Lower limb

80
Q

Region of the body that is located on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side, where the trunk attaches to the thighs

A

Groin

81
Q

The term for forehead

A

Frontal

82
Q

The term for temple

A

Temporal

83
Q

The term for eye

A

Orbital or ocular

84
Q

The term for ear

A

Otic

85
Q

The term for cheek

A

Buccal

86
Q

The term for nose

A

Nasal

87
Q

The term for mouth

A

Oral

88
Q

The term for chin

A

Mental

89
Q

The term for breastbone

A

Sternal

90
Q

The term for breast

A

Mammary

91
Q

The term for navel

A

Umbilical

92
Q

The term for hip

A

Coxal

93
Q

The term for groin

A

Inguinal

94
Q

The term for thumb

A

Pollex

95
Q

The term for hand

A

Manual

96
Q

The term for the top of the foot

A

Dorsum

97
Q

The term for the big toe

A

Hallux

98
Q

The term for the head

A

Cephalic

99
Q

The term for the skull

A

Cranial

100
Q

The term for the face

A

Facial

101
Q

The term for the neck

A

Cervical

102
Q

The term for the armpit

A

Auxillary

103
Q

The term for the arm

A

Brachial

104
Q

The term for the front of elbow

A

Antecubital

105
Q

The term for the forearm

A

Antebrachial

106
Q

The term for the wrist

A

Carpal

107
Q

The term for the palm

A

Palmar or volar

108
Q

The term for the fingers

A

Digital or phalangeal

109
Q

The term for the thigh

A

Femoral

110
Q

The term for the anterior surface of the knee

A

Patellar

111
Q

The term for the leg

A

Crural

112
Q

Term for the ankle

A

Tarsal

113
Q

Term for the toes

A

Digital or phalangeal

114
Q

Term for the foot

A

Pedal

115
Q

Term for the base of the skull

A

Occipital

116
Q

Term for the shoulder

A

Acromial

117
Q

Term for the shoulder blade

A

Scapular

118
Q

Term for the spinal column

A

Vertebral

119
Q

Term for the back of the elbow

A

Olecranal or cubital

120
Q

Term for the location between the hips (in the middle of the back)

A

Sacral

121
Q

Term for the tailbone

A

Coccygeal

122
Q

Term for the buttock

A

Gluteal

123
Q

Term for the region between the anus and external genitals

A

Perineal

124
Q

Term for the hollow part behind the knee

A

Popliteal

125
Q

Term for the calf

A

Sural

126
Q

Term for the sole

A

Plantar

127
Q

Term for the back of the hand

A

Dorsum

128
Q

Term for the heel

A

Calcaneal

129
Q

Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another

A

Directional terms

130
Q

Directional term describing toward the head, or upper part of a structure

A

Superior

131
Q

Directional term describing away from the head, or lower part of a structure

A

Inferior

132
Q

Directional term describing nearer to or at the front of the body

A

Anterior

133
Q

Directional term describing nearer to or at the back of the body

A

Posterior

134
Q

Directional term describing nearer to the midline

A

Medial

135
Q

Directional term describing farther from the midline

A

Lateral

136
Q

Directional term describing between two structures

A

Intermediate

137
Q

Directional term describing on the same side of the body as another structure

A

Ipsilateral

138
Q

Directional term describing on the opposite side of the body from another structure

A

Contralateral

139
Q

Directional term describing nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure

A

Proximal

140
Q

Directional term describing farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure

A

Distal

141
Q

Directional term describing toward or on the surface of the body

A

Superficial (external)

142
Q

Directional term describing away from the surface or the body

A

Deep (internal)

143
Q

Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts

A

Planes

144
Q

A vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides

A

Sagital plane

145
Q

Term for when a plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides

A

Midsagittal plane or median plane

146
Q

An imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides

A

Midline

147
Q

If the sagital plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or organ into unequal right and left sides it is called the:

A

Parasagittal plane

148
Q

Type of plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

A

Frontal or coronal plane

149
Q

A plane that divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

A

Transverse plane, cross-sectional plane, or horizontal plane

150
Q

Plane that passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than 90-degree angle)

A

Oblique plane

151
Q

A cut of the body or one if its organs made along one of the planes

A

Section

152
Q

Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs

A

Body cavities

153
Q

Cavity formed by cranial bones and contains brain

A

Cranial cavity

154
Q

Cavity formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

A

Vertebral canal

155
Q

Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum

A

Thoracic cavity

156
Q

Cavity in the thoracic cavity that each surrounds a lung

A

Pleural cavity

157
Q

The cavity within the thoracic cavity that surrounds the heart

A

Pericardial cavity

158
Q

Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from the sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

A

Mediastinum

159
Q

Cavity subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

160
Q

Cavity that contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

A

Abdominal cavity

161
Q

Cavity that contains the urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction

A

Pelvic cavity

162
Q

Dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Diaphragm

163
Q

Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called:

A

Viscera

164
Q

Thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures

A

Membrane

165
Q

Slippery, double-layered membrane that covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen

A

Serous membrane

166
Q

The serous membrane of the pleural cavities is called the:

A

Pleura

167
Q

The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the:

A

Pericardium

168
Q

The serous membrane if the abdominal cavity is the:

A

Peritoneum

169
Q

Techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body

A

Medical imaging

A&P I & II (16 decks)

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