Chapter 1 Flashcards
0
Q
The careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.
A
Dissection
1
Q
The science of body structures and the relationships among them.
A
Anatomy
2
Q
The science of body functions–how the body parts work.
A
Physiology
3
Q
The smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
A
Atoms
4
Q
The first level in the structural organization in the human body
A
Chemical level
5
Q
The second level in structural organization in the human body
A
Cellular level
6
Q
The third level in structural organization in the human body
A
Tissue level
7
Q
The fourth level in structural organization in the human body
A
Organ level
8
Q
The fifth level in structural organization in the human body
A
System level
9
Q
The sixth level in structural organization in the human body
A
Organismal level
10
Q
This level of structural organization in the human body includes: atoms and molecules
A
Chemical level, the 1st level of structural organization in the human body
11
Q
This level of structural organization in the human body includes: cells
A
Cellular level, the 2nd level of structural organization in the human body
12
Q
This level of structural organization in the human body includes: tissues
A
Tissue level, the 3rd level of structural organization in the human body
13
Q
This level of structural organization in the human body includes: organs
A
Organ level, the 4th level of structural organization in the human body
14
Q
This level of structural organization in the human body includes: related organs with a common function
A
System level, the 5th level of structural organization in the human body
15
Q
This level of structural organization in the human body includes: all the parts of the human body functioning together
A
Organismal level, the 6th level of structural organization in the human body
16
Q
The basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals
A
Cells
17
Q
Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
A
Tissues
18
Q
This type of tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands
A
Epithelial tissue
19
Q
This type of tissue connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues
A
Connective tissue
20
Q
This type of tissue contracts to make body parts move and generates heat
A
Muscular tissue
21
Q
This type of tissue carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses
A
Nervous tissue
22
Q
Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and recognizable shapes
A
Organs
23
Q
A type of muscular tissue that contracts to churn and mix food and then push it into the next digestive organ, the small intestine
A
Smooth muscle tissue
24
The innermost lining of the stomach that produces fluid and chemicals responsible for digestion in the stomach
Epithelial tissue layer
25
Consists of related organs with a a common function
System
26
Any living individual
Organism
27
Diagnostic technique that does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening
Noninvasive diagnostic technique
28
A noninvasive diagnostic technique in which the examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal
Inspection
29
A noninvasive diagnostic technique in which the examiner feels the body surfaces with hands
Palpation
30
A noninvasive diagnostic technique in which the examiner listens to the body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs
Auscultation
31
A noninvasive diagnostic technique in which the examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting echo
Percussion
32
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
Metabolism
33
The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
Catabolism
34
The building up of chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
Anabolism
35
The body's ability to detect and respond to changes
Responsiveness
36
The motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells
Movement
37
An increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, and increase in the number of cells, or both
Growth
38
The development of a cell from an I specialized to a specialized state
Differentiation
39
Precursor cells, which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
Stem cells
40
1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, OR 2) the production of a new individual
Reproduction
41
Postmortem (after death) examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death
Autopsy
42
Dilute, water solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them
Body fluids
43
The fluid within the cells
Intercellular fluid (ICF)
44
The fluid outside the body cells
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
45
The ECF that fills the narrow space a between the cells of tissues is known as:
Interstitial fluid
46
Term for ECF within the blood vessels
Blood plasma
47
Term for ECF within lymphatic vessels
Lymph
48
The term for ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid
49
The term for ECF in the joints
Synovial fluid
50
The term for ECF in the eyes
Aqueous humor and vitreous body
51
Interstitial fluid is often called the body's:
Internal environment
52
The nervous system regulates homeostasis by sending electrical signals known as [blank] to organs that can counteract changes from a balanced state
Nerve impulses
53
The endocrine system includes many glands that secrete messenger molecules called [blank] into the blood
Hormones
54
A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, reminisced, reevaluated, and so on
Feedback system
55
A monitored variable in a feedback system, such as blood sugar, is a controlled condition called a:
Stimulus
56
Name the three basic components of a feedback system
Receptor, control center, effector
57
Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center
Receptor
58
Type of pathway that carries information from the receptor to the control center
Afferent pathway
59
A place in the brain that sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained (set point), evaluated the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed
Control center
60
Type of pathway that carries information from the control center to the effector
Efferent pathway
61
A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
Effector
62
Type of feedback system that reverses a change in a controlled condition
Negative feedback system
63
Type of feedback system that tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions
Positive feedback system
64
Any abnormality of structure of function
Disorder
65
Illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
Disease
66
Type of disease that affects one part or a limited region of the body
Local disease
67
Type of disease that affects either the entire body or several parts of it
Systematic disease
68
Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
Symptoms
69
Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure
Signs
70
The science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community
Epidemiology
71
The science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in treatment of disease
Pharmacology
72
The science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
Diagnosis
73
Position where the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with palms turned forward. The body is upright
Anatomical position
74
Position of the body when lying face down
Prone position
75
Position of the body when lying face up
Supine position
76
Region of the body that consists of the skull and face
Head - cephalic
77
Region of the body that consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis
Trunk
78
Region of the body that consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm (from shoulder to elbow), forearm (from elbow to wrist), wrist, and hand
Upper limb
79
Region of the body that consists of the buttock, thigh (from the buttock to the knee), leg (from the knee to the ankle), ankle, and foot
Lower limb
80
Region of the body that is located on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side, where the trunk attaches to the thighs
Groin
81
The term for forehead
Frontal
82
The term for temple
Temporal
83
The term for eye
Orbital or ocular
84
The term for ear
Otic
85
The term for cheek
Buccal
86
The term for nose
Nasal
87
The term for mouth
Oral
88
The term for chin
Mental
89
The term for breastbone
Sternal
90
The term for breast
Mammary
91
The term for navel
Umbilical
92
The term for hip
Coxal
93
The term for groin
Inguinal
94
The term for thumb
Pollex
95
The term for hand
Manual
96
The term for the top of the foot
Dorsum
97
The term for the big toe
Hallux
98
The term for the head
Cephalic
99
The term for the skull
Cranial
100
The term for the face
Facial
101
The term for the neck
Cervical
102
The term for the armpit
Auxillary
103
The term for the arm
Brachial
104
The term for the front of elbow
Antecubital
105
The term for the forearm
Antebrachial
106
The term for the wrist
Carpal
107
The term for the palm
Palmar or volar
108
The term for the fingers
Digital or phalangeal
109
The term for the thigh
Femoral
110
The term for the anterior surface of the knee
Patellar
111
The term for the leg
Crural
112
Term for the ankle
Tarsal
113
Term for the toes
Digital or phalangeal
114
Term for the foot
Pedal
115
Term for the base of the skull
Occipital
116
Term for the shoulder
Acromial
117
Term for the shoulder blade
Scapular
118
Term for the spinal column
Vertebral
119
Term for the back of the elbow
Olecranal or cubital
120
Term for the location between the hips (in the middle of the back)
Sacral
121
Term for the tailbone
Coccygeal
122
Term for the buttock
Gluteal
123
Term for the region between the anus and external genitals
Perineal
124
Term for the hollow part behind the knee
Popliteal
125
Term for the calf
Sural
126
Term for the sole
Plantar
127
Term for the back of the hand
Dorsum
128
Term for the heel
Calcaneal
129
Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another
Directional terms
130
Directional term describing toward the head, or upper part of a structure
Superior
131
Directional term describing away from the head, or lower part of a structure
Inferior
132
Directional term describing nearer to or at the front of the body
Anterior
133
Directional term describing nearer to or at the back of the body
Posterior
134
Directional term describing nearer to the midline
Medial
135
Directional term describing farther from the midline
Lateral
136
Directional term describing between two structures
Intermediate
137
Directional term describing on the same side of the body as another structure
Ipsilateral
138
Directional term describing on the opposite side of the body from another structure
Contralateral
139
Directional term describing nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure
Proximal
140
Directional term describing farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
Distal
141
Directional term describing toward or on the surface of the body
Superficial (external)
142
Directional term describing away from the surface or the body
Deep (internal)
143
Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
Planes
144
A vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides
Sagital plane
145
Term for when a plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides
Midsagittal plane or median plane
146
An imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides
Midline
147
If the sagital plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or organ into unequal right and left sides it is called the:
Parasagittal plane
148
Type of plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
Frontal or coronal plane
149
A plane that divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
Transverse plane, cross-sectional plane, or horizontal plane
150
Plane that passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than 90-degree angle)
Oblique plane
151
A cut of the body or one if its organs made along one of the planes
Section
152
Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs
Body cavities
153
Cavity formed by cranial bones and contains brain
Cranial cavity
154
Cavity formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
Vertebral canal
155
Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum
Thoracic cavity
156
Cavity in the thoracic cavity that each surrounds a lung
Pleural cavity
157
The cavity within the thoracic cavity that surrounds the heart
Pericardial cavity
158
Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from the sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
Mediastinum
159
Cavity subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
Abdominopelvic cavity
160
Cavity that contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
Abdominal cavity
161
Cavity that contains the urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
Pelvic cavity
162
Dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
163
Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called:
Viscera
164
Thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures
Membrane
165
Slippery, double-layered membrane that covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen
Serous membrane
166
The serous membrane of the pleural cavities is called the:
Pleura
167
The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the:
Pericardium
168
The serous membrane if the abdominal cavity is the:
Peritoneum
169
Techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body
Medical imaging
