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A&P I & II > Chapter 18 - The endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - The endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The inner zone of the adrenal cortex, consisting of cords of branching cells that secrete sex hormones, chiefly androgens

A

Zona Reticularis

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2
Q

Substance that inhibits urine formations

A

Antidiuretic

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3
Q

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that initiates and maintains milk secretion by the mammary glands

A

Prolactin

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4
Q

A membrane-associated lipid; released in small quantities and acts as a local hormone

A

Prostaglandin

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5
Q

a group of hormones of the adrenal cortex that help sodium and potassium balance

A

Mineralocorticoids

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6
Q

Underactivity of glands resulting in diminished secretion

A

Hyposecretion

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7
Q

The effect produced upon stimulation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A

Fight or flight response

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8
Q

A gland that secretes its products into ducts that carry the secretions into the body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body

A

Exocrine gland

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9
Q

A cell in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) that secretes pancreatic polypeptide

A

F cell

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10
Q

a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the dispersion of melanin granules in melanocytes in amphibians; continued administration produces darkening of skin in humans

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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11
Q

An outgrowth of ectoderm located on the floor of the hypothalamus that gives rise to the posterior pituitary

A

Neurohypophyseal bud

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12
Q

A hormonal interaction in which the effects of two or more hormones acting together is greater or more extensive than the sum of each hormone acting alone.

A

Synergistic effect

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13
Q

The middle zone of the adrenal cortex consisting of cells arranged in long, straight cords that secrete glucocorticoid hormones, mainly cortisol

A

Zona fasciculata

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14
Q

Masculinizing sex hormones produced by the testes in males and the adrenal cortex in both sexes; responsible for libido (sexual desire); the main androgens are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone

A

Androgens

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15
Q

A neuron that secretes a hypothalamic releasing hormone or inhibiting hormone into blood capillaries of the hypothalamus; a neuron that secretes oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone into blood capillaries of the posterior pituitary

A

Neurosecretory cell

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16
Q

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Also called the neurohypophysis

A

Posterior pituitary

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17
Q

A hormone whose target is another endocrine gland

A

Tropic hormone

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18
Q

A portion of the diencephalon, lying beneath the thalamus and forming the floor and part of the wall of the third ventricle

A

Hypothalamus

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19
Q

Hypophysis

A

Pituitary gland

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20
Q

the science concerned with the structure and functions of endocrine glands and the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system.

A

Endocrinology

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21
Q

A mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys and potassium excretion in urine

A

Aldosterone

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22
Q

A secretion of endocrine cells that alters the physiological activity of target cells of the body

A

Hormone

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23
Q

Receptor in the hypothalamus that is sensitive to changes in blood osmolarity and, in response to high osmolarity (low water concentration), stimulates synthesis and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Osmoreceptor

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24
Q

An enlarged thyroid gland

A

Goiter

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25
Q

Supporting cell of the posterior pituitary

A

Pituicyte

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26
Q

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism, growth and development, and the activity of the nervous system

A

Thyroxine

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27
Q

A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation. Also called noradrenaline.

A

Norepinephrine

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28
Q

A hormone produced by the beta cells of a pancreatic islet (islet of Langerhans) that decreases the blood glucose level

A

Insulin

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29
Q

A narrow strip of tissue or narrow passage connecting two larger parts

A

Isthmus

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30
Q

A hormonal interaction in which the effect of one hormone on a target cell is opposed by another hormone. For example, calcitonin (CT) lowers blood calcium level, wheras parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises it

A

Antagonistic effect

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31
Q

groups of cells in the pancreas that secrete digestive enzymes

A

Acini

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32
Q

Feminizing sex hormones produced by the ovaries; govern development of oocytes, maintenance of female reproductive structures, and appearance of secondary sex characteristics; also affect fluid and electrolyte balance, and protein anabolism. Examples are b-estradiol, estrone, and estriol

A

Estrogens

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33
Q

The secreting cell of a gastric gland that produces pepsinogen, the precursor of the enzyme pepsin, and the enzyme gastric lipase. Also called a zymogenic cel. Cell in the parathyroid glands that secretes parathyroid hormone.

A

Chief Cell

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34
Q

A type of cell in the pancreatic islets is the pancreas that secretes hormone glucagon. Also termed an A cell

A

Alpha Cell

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35
Q

Two glands located superior to each kidney. Also called the suprarenal glands

A

Adrenal glands

36
Q

Phenomenon in which there is a decrease in the number of receptors in response to an excess of a hormone or neurotransmitter

A

Down-regulation

37
Q

the inner part of an adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons

A

Adrenal medulla

38
Q

a cluster of endocrine gland cells in the pancrease that secretes insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Also called an islet of Langerhans.

A

pancreatic islet

39
Q

Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation. Also called adrenaline.

A

Epinephrine

40
Q

Overactivity of glands resulting in excessive secretion

A

Hypersecretion

41
Q

Secretory cell of the pineal gland that releases melatonin

A

Pinealocyte

42
Q

a bundle of axons containing secretory vesicles filled with oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone that extend from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamohypophyseal tract

43
Q

The outer zone of the adrenal cortex, directly under the connective tissue covering, consisting of cells arranged in arched loops or round balls that secrete mineralocorticoid hormones, mainly aldosterone.

A

Zona glomerulosa

44
Q

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Thyroid-stimulation hormone

45
Q

a portion of the diencephalon, lying beneath the thalamus and forming the floor and part of tht wall of the third ventricle

A

Hypothalamus

46
Q

A hormone secreted by neurosecratory cells in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus that stimulates contraction of smooth muscle in the pregnant uterus and myoepithelial cells around the ducts of mammory glands.

A

Oxytocin

47
Q

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovulation, stimulates pro-gesterone secretion by the corpus leteum, and readies the mammary glands for milk secretion in females; stimulates testosterone secretion by the testes in males

A

Luteinizing hormone

48
Q

A membrane-associated lipid; released in small quantities and acts as a local hormone

A

Prostaglandin

49
Q

A types of cell in the pancreatic islets in the pancreas that secretes the hormone insulin

A

Beta cell

50
Q

a specialized cell or distal portion of a neuron that responds to a specific sensory modality, such as touch, pressure, cold, light, or sound, and converts it to an electrical signal (generator or receptor potential). A specific molecule or cluster of molecules that recognizes and binds a particular ligand.

A

Receptor

51
Q

Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary; it initiates development of ova and stimulates the ovaries to secrete estrogens in females and initiates sperm production in males

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

52
Q

the outer portion of an adrenal gland, divided into three zones; the zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids, the zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids, and the zona reticularis secretes androgens

A

Adrenal cortex

53
Q

the stalklike structure that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus of the brain. The funnel-shaped open, distal end of the uterine (Fallopian) tube.

A

Infundibulum

54
Q

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Also called the adenohypophysis

A

Anterior pituitary

55
Q

a cell in the pancreatic islets in the pancreas that secretes somatostatin. Also termed a D cell.

A

Delta cell

56
Q

An endocrine gland with right and left lateral lobes on either side of the trachea connected by an isthmus; located anterior to the trachea just inferior to the cricoid cartilage; secretes thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin

A

thyroid gland

57
Q

an outgrowth of ectoderm from the roof of the mouth from which the anterior pituitary develops

A

Hypophyseal pouch

58
Q

Hormone produced by neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles. Also called vasopressin

A

Antidiuretic hormone

59
Q

a cell in the pancreatic islets that secretes pancreatic polypeptide

A

F cell

60
Q

A gland that produces gametes and hormones;the ovary in the female and the testis in the male

A

Gonad

61
Q

The rupture of a mature ovarian (Graafian) follicle with discharge of a secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity

A

Ovulation

62
Q

The primary germ layer that gives rise to the nervous system and the epidermis of skin and derivatives

A

Ectoderm

63
Q

a gland that secretes hormones into interstitial fluid and then the blood; a ductless gland

A

Endocrine gland

64
Q

Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that can suppress secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary

A

Inhibiting hormone

65
Q

Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that can stimulate secretion of hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

Releasing hormone

66
Q

A female hormone produced by the ovaries and placenta that increases flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix to ease delivery of a baby

A

Relaxin

67
Q

one of usually four small endocrine glands embedded in the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid gland

68
Q

thin, extracellular layer between epithelium and connective tissue consisting of a basal lamina and reticular lamina

A

basement membrane

69
Q

The middle primary germ layer that gives rise to connective tissues, blood and blood vessels and muscles

A

mesoderm

70
Q

a bundle of axons containing secretory vesicles filled with oxytocin or andtidiuretic hormone that extend from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

A

hypothalamohypophyseal tract

71
Q

spherical sac that forms the parenchyma of the thyroid gland and consists of follicular cells that produce thyroxin (T4) and triidothyroine (T3)

A

thyroid follicle

72
Q

A hormone secreted by the chief (principal) cell of the parathyroid glands that increases blood calcium level and decreases blood phosphate level

A

Parathyroid hormone

73
Q

a bilobed organ, located in the superior mediastinum posterior to the sternum and between the lungs, in which T cells develop immunocampetence

A

Thymus

74
Q

a part of the brain consisting of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

A

diencephalon

75
Q

pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis

76
Q

a female sex hormone roduced by the ovaries that help prepare the endometrium of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum and the mammary glands for milk secretion

A

progesterone

77
Q

hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates growth of body tissues, especially skeletal and muscular tissues. Also known as somatotopin and somatitriopic hormone

A

human growth hormone

78
Q

a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism, growth and development, and the activity of the nervous system

A

Triiodothyronine

79
Q

a primary germ layer of developing embryo; gives rise to the gastroinestinal tract, urinary bladder, urethra and respiratory tract

A

Endoderm

80
Q

cell that has an affinity for chrome salts, due in part to the presence of the precursors of the neurotransmitter epinephrine; found, among other places, in the adrenal medulla

A

Chromaffin cell

81
Q

a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that helps set the timing of the body’s biological clock

A

Melatonin

82
Q

Hormones secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland, especially cortisol, that influence glucose metabolism

A

glucocorticoids

83
Q

a cone-shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle that secrets melatonin. Also called the epiphysis cerebri

A

pineal gland

84
Q

a male sex hormone (androgen) secreted by interstitial endocrincoytes (Leydig cells) of a mature testis; needed for development of sperm; together with a second androgen termed dihydrotestonsterone (DHT) controls the growth and development of male reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics, and body growth

A

testosterone

85
Q

Phenomenon in which there is a decrease in the number of receptors in response to an excess of a hormone or neurotransmitter

A

Down-regulation

A&P I & II (16 decks)

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