Chapter 18: Urinary System Flashcards
Define Uremia or Uremic Poisoning?
Uremia occurs when your kidneys become damaged. The toxins, or bodily waste, that your kidneys normally send out in your urine end up in your bloodstream instead.
Define Retroperitoneal.
Located behind (retro means backward) the peritoneum.
What is the name for the part of the kidney where its vessels, nerves and ureter pass?
Hilum
What is the name for the narrow, innermost end of a renal pyramid?
Renal Papilla
What is the Renal Pelvis?
It’s the tube in the expansion of the upper end of the ureter in the kidney.
What are Cortical Nephrons?
Nephrons located high in the cortex.
What are Juxtamedullary Nephrons?
Nephrons near the junction between the renal cortex and renal medullary layers.
What are the 2 parts of a nephron?
The Renal Corpuscle and the Renal Tubule
How is continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) different than regular dialysis?
In this procedure, 1 to 3 L of sterile dialysis fluid is introduced directly into the peritoneal cavity through an opening in the abdominal wall. Peritoneal membranes in the abdominal cavity transfer waste products from blood into the dialysis fluid, which is then drained back into a plastic container after about 2 hours.
Which hormone is secreted by the kidney and travels to the red bone marrow where it stimulates production of additional erythrocytes (red blood cells)?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Describe the countercurrent flow of the nephron loop.
The nephron loop and its surrounding peritubular capillaries dip far into the medulla and then return back up in what is called countercurrent flow. This countercurrent flow—flow in opposite directions—of filtrate back up the nephron loop permits transport of large amounts of sodium and chloride into the medulla. This makes the medulla very salty—or hyperosmotic. Hyperosmotic solutions are so named because they generally promote osmosis of water (into them) (and remember, where salt goes, water follows).
What is Transport Maximum?
The largest amount of any substance that can be reabsorbed at one time.
What is Renal Threshold?
The concentration level up to which a substance (as glucose) in the blood is prevented from passing through the kidneys into the urine.
What is the relationship between Transport Maximum and Renal Threshold?
Transport Maximum determines the Renal Threshold.
Summarize the 3 processes of urine formation.
1) Filtration—of water and dissolved substances out of the blood in the glomeruli into the glomerular capsule.
2) Reabsorption—of water and dissolved substances out of kidney tubules back into blood.
3) Secretion—of hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and certain drugs from blood into kidney tubules.
