Chapter 13: Cardiovascular System

Question 1

The two upper chambers are called ___, and the two lower chambers are called ____.

Answer 1

atria, ventricles

Question 2

Each chamber of the heart is lined by a thin layer of very smooth tissue called the ___. Inflammation of this lining is referred to as ___.

Answer 2

endocardium, endocarditis

Question 3

The heart’s covering — the ____ — consists of two layers of fibrous tissue with a small space in between them.

Answer 3

pericardium

Question 4

Contraction of the heart is called ____, and relaxation is called ____.

Answer 4

systole, diastole

Question 5

What are the Atrioventricular Valves and what is another name for them?

Answer 5

They are the two valves that separate the atrial chambers above from the ventricles below and another name for them is biscuspid valve or mitral valve.

Question 6

What is the tricuspid valve?

Answer 6

The valve located between the right atrium and ventricle.

Question 7

Define Pulmonary Circulation.

Answer 7

Flow of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium.

Question 8

What is Systemic Circulation?

Answer 8

Flow of blood from the left ventricle throughout the body and back to the right atrium.

Question 9

The circulation of blood to the heart muscle (myocardium) is called ___.

Answer 9

Coronary Circulation

Question 10

What are the auricles of the heart?

Answer 10

There are two auricles in the heart. Each one is attached to the anterior surface of the outer-walls of the atria (i.e. left and right atria). Their purpose is to increase the capacity of the atrium and also increase the volume of blood that is able to contain.

Question 11

What is the “pacemaker of the heart”?

Answer 11

The Sinoatrial Node. This is where the heart’s conduction system begins and then spreads through to the other nodes.

Question 12

A normal ECG tracing has three very characteristic deflections, or waves, called the ____, _____, and the _____.

Answer 12

P wave, the QRS complex, T wave

Question 13

What is a heart block?

Answer 13

When the heart’s conduction system is disturbed. Impulses are blocked from getting through to the ventricles, resulting in the ventricles beating at a much slower rate than normal.

Question 14

What is Cardiac Output?

Answer 14

It’s the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute.

Question 15

What is the difference between heart rate and stroke volume?

Answer 15

Heart rate is the number of heart beats per minute while stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle during each beat.

Question 16

What is the outer layer of vein, arteries and capillaries called?

Answer 16

Tunica Externa

Question 17

What is the middle layer of vein, arteries and capillaries called?

Answer 17

Tunica Media

Question 18

What is the inner layer of vein, arteries and capillaries called?

Answer 18

Tunica Intima

Question 19

What does hepatic portal circulation refer to?

Answer 19

The route of blood flow to and through the liver.

Question 20

The term _____ ____ describes any force that acts against the flow of blood in a blood vessel.

Answer 20

peripheral resistance (PR)

Question 21

How many “pulse points” are there in the human body?

Answer 21

9

Question 22

What does Venous Return mean?

Answer 22

It’s the volume of blood returned to the heart by the veins.

Question 23

What does the Hepatic Portal Circulation refer to?

Answer 23

The route of blood flow to and through the liver (blood from the digestive system organs is detoured through the liver before going back to the heart).

Question 24

Blood pressure is highest in the ____ and lowest in the ____.

Answer 24

arteries, veins

Question 25

What are 4 factors that go into determining blood pressure?

Answer 25

Factors such as 1) blood volume, 2) the strength of each heart contraction, 3) heart rate, and 4) the thickness of blood.