Chapter 17: Nutrition and Metabolism Flashcards
____ is how the body uses nutrients after they have been digested, absorbed, and transported to cells.
Metabolism
Define Catabolism.
The breaking down of nutrient molecules into smaller molecules.
Define Anabolism.
It’s the process that builds nutrient molecules and combines smaller molecules into more complex chemical compounds.
What are the 4 basic nutrient types?
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, plus essential vitamins and minerals.
What are the Macronutrients?
The “big three” nutrients in our diets are carbohydrates (“carbs”), lipids (fats and oils), and proteins because hey form the bulk of our diet.
What are the Micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals because they are required in only very small quantities.
What happens during Glycolysis?
Glycolysis breaks down glucose to 2 pyruvic acids but uses no oxygen so it’s an Anaerobic process, and it occurs in the cytoplasm.
What happens during the Krebs or Citric Acid Cycle?
The pyruvic acid is converted to carbon dioxide using enzymes inside the mitochondrion. Unlike Glycolysis, this process uses oxygen so it’s called an aerobic process.
What happens during the ETS or electron transport system?
Energy is transferred from high-energy electrons (from citric acid cycle) to ATP molecules.
What is Glycogenesis?
Anabolic process of joining glucose molecules together in a chain to form glycogen (to store glucose for later use)
What is Glycogenolysis?
Catabolic process of breaking apart glycogen chains, releasing individual glucose molecules for use in making ATP
What three processes are responsible for carbohydrate metabolism?
- Glycolysis
- Citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle)
- Electron transport system (ETS)
What are Essential Amino Acids? What are Nonessential Amino Acids?
Essential amino acids are those that must be provided by the diet. Nonessential amino acids can be missing from the diet because they can be made by the body.
Define Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).
The rate at which nutrients are catabolized under basal conditions (that is, when the individual is resting but awake, is not digesting food, and is not adjusting to a cold external temperature).
Define Total Metabolic Rate (TMR).
It’s the total amount of energy used by the body per day.
