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Anatomy > Chapter 11: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a target cell?

A

The cell that a hormone molecule binds to that has specific receptors for that hormone, triggering a reaction in the cell.

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2
Q

Describe cyclic AMP (adenosine monophosphate).

A

Cyclic AMP serves as the second messenger, delivering information inside the cell that regulates the cell’s activity. For example, cyclic AMP causes thyroid cells to respond to thyroid-stimulating hormone by secreting a thyroid hormone such as thyroxine.

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3
Q

What are second messengers?

A

After a hormone attaches to its specific receptor site, a number of chemical reactions occur. These reactions activate molecules within the cell called second messengers.

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4
Q

Describe the Negative Feedback system.

A

The secretion of most hormones is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms that tend to reverse any deviations from normal.

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5
Q

Describe Positive Feedback system.

A

These are mechanisms that amplify changes rather than reverse them.

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6
Q

Why are Prostaglands (PGs) called tissue hormones?

A

Because a prostaglandin is produced in a tissue and then diffuses only a short distance to act on cells within that tissue.

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7
Q

What are paracrine agents?

A

The term paracrine literally means “secrete beside”—an apt description for a regulatory agent released right next to its target cell.

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8
Q

Name the 2 glands of the pituitary.

A

One is called the anterior pituitary gland, or adenohypophysis, and the other is called the posterior pituitary gland, or neurohypophysis.

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9
Q

On what gland does Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) act on?

A

Thyroid Gland

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10
Q

On what gland does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) act on?

A

Adrenal Cortex

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11
Q

On what gland does Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) act on?

A

ovarian follicles in an ovary

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12
Q

What does Luteinizing hormone (LH) do?

A

It stimulates a follicle and ovum to complete their growth to maturity, it stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogens, and it causes ovulation.

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13
Q

What function does Growth Hormone have?

A

GH speeds up the movement of digested proteins (amino acids) from the blood and into the cells, which accelerates the cells’ anabolism (or building up) of amino acids to form tissue proteins.

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14
Q

What relationship does Growth Hormone (GH) have with insulin?

A

GH and insulin have opposite effects on blood glucose. Insulin decreases blood glucose, and GH increases it.

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15
Q

What’s the function of Prolactin (PRL)?

A

Stimulates breast development during pregnancy and secretion of milk after the delivery of the baby

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16
Q

What are the two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)?

A

antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

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17
Q

What makes a hormone a tropic hormone?

A

When it’s a hormone that stimulates another endocrine gland to grow and secrete its hormones.

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18
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland?

A

Two groups of secretory neurons in the hypothalamus synthesize the posterior pituitary hormones, which then pass down along axons into the pituitary gland.

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19
Q

Thyroid tissue is organized into many chambers called ____ ____ .

A

thyroid follicles

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20
Q

What are the 3 hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?

A

triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and calcitonin (CT)

21
Q

How is the thyroid gland different than other endocrine glands?

A

Instead of secreting its hormones directly into the blood, the thyroid gland stores considerable amounts of the thyroid hormones in the form of molecules suspended in the colloid.

22
Q

What is the colloid of the thyroid gland?

A

It’s the thick fluid found in the thyroid follicle that stores thyroid hormones.

23
Q

How does Calcintonin (CT) affect the blood?

A

It decreases the concentration of calcium in the blood by first acting on bone to inhibit its breakdown. Therefore it prevents a harmful excess of calcium in the blood.

24
Q

What affect does Parathyroid Gland (PTH) have on the blood?

A

PTH increases the concentration of calcium in the blood—the opposite effect of the thyroid gland’s calcitonin.

25
Q

CT and PTH both regulate the blood concentration of what important ion?

A

Calcium

26
Q

How is the Adrenal Gland similar to the pituitary gland?

A

It’s divided into 2 separate glands like the anterior and posterior pituitary: the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla.

27
Q

What’s the role of the adrenal cortex hormone Aldosterone?

A

To increase the amount of sodium and decrease the amount of potassium in the blood.

28
Q

What’s the role of the adrenal cortex hormone Cortisol?

A

To help maintain normal blood glucose concentration.

29
Q

Define gluconeogenesis.

A

A process in liver cells that converts amino acids or glycerol to glucose.

30
Q

What hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NR). Epinephrine is also known as adrenaline.

31
Q

How does the pituitary gland influence adrenal function?

A

In stress conditions, the hypothalamus acts on the anterior pituitary gland to cause the release of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.

32
Q

What are the 2 kinds of cells in the pancreatic islets and what hormones do they produce?

A

Alpha Cells which produce glucagon and Beta Cells which produce insulin.

33
Q

How does diabetes produce glucose in the urine?

A

Excess glucose is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and lost in the urine, producing the condition called glycosuria.

34
Q

________ glands secrete their products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity.

A

Exocrine

35
Q

________ glands are ductless and secrete their products, called ________, into intercellular spaces, where they diffuse into the blood.

A

Endocrine, hormones

36
Q

The two major classes of hormones are ________ hormones and ________ hormones.

A

nonsteroid and steroid

37
Q

A cell or body organ with receptors for a hormone that triggers a reaction is called a ________.

A

Target Organ

38
Q

One example of a second messenger system involves the conversion of ATP into ________.

A

cyclic AMP (adenosine monophosphate)

39
Q

The hormone receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located ________, whereas the receptors for steroid hormones are located ________.

A

on the target cell’s plasma membrane, in the target cell’s nucleus

40
Q

This part of the pituitary gland is made of nervous tissue: ________.

A

posterior pituitary gland, or neurohypophysis

41
Q

This part of the pituitary gland is made of glandular tissue: ________.

A

anterior pituitary gland, or adenohypophysis

42
Q

The hormone oxytocin is released by the ________ but is made in the ________.

A

Posterior Pituitary Gland, Hypothalamus

43
Q

A tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland is

a. thyroid-stimulating hormone.
b. adrenocorticotropic hormone.
c. luteinizing hormone.
d. all of the above.

A

d. all of the above.

44
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

a. is made in the posterior pituitary gland.
b. accelerates water reabsorption in the kidney.
c. in high concentrations causes diabetes insipidus.
d. all of the above.

A

b. accelerates water reabsorption in the kidney.

45
Q

This hormone is released by the anterior pituitary and stimulates breast development during pregnancy and is necessary for eventual milk production:

a. estrogen
b. oxytocin
c. prolactin
d. progesterone

A

c. prolactin

46
Q

This hormone is released by the posterior pituitary and stimulates the contraction of the pregnant uterus:

a. estrogen
b. oxytocin
c. prolactin
d. progesterone

A

b. oxytocin

47
Q

Thyroxine

a. is symbolized by T3.
b. is made in the thyroid gland.
c. contains less iodine than triiodothyronine.
d. all of the above.

A

b. is made in the thyroid gland.

48
Q

Calcitonin

a. decreases the level of calcium in the blood.
b. increases the level of calcium in the blood.
c. stimulates the release of calcium from bone tissue.
d. both b and c.

A

a. decreases the level of calcium in the blood.

Anatomy (25 decks)

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