Chapter 17 Drugs, Diseases, and Dissection Flashcards
the study of nature, uses, and effects of drugs
pharmacology
a medication that may be purchased by prescription or from a licensed professional
prescription drug
a medication that may be purchased without a prescription
over-the-counter drug
a medication not protected by a brand name or trademark
generic drug
a generic drug is also known as a
nonproprietary drug
substance that produces effect by binding to an appropriate receptor
agonist
substance that inhibits a specific action by binding with a particular receptor instead of allowing the agonist to bind to the receptor
antagonist
serum containing specific antibodies extracted from a hyperimmunized animal or an animal that has been infected with the microorganisms containing antigen
antiserum
specific antiserum aimed at a poison that contains a concentration of antibodies extracted from the serum or plasma of a healthy animal
antitoxin
bacterial vaccine
bacterin
bound to and precipitated out of solution
chelated
recommendation not to use
contraindication
movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration of particles
diffusion
amount of medication based on units of weight of animal
dosage
time between administration of a drug (such as BID or QID)
dosage interval
amount of medication measured
dose
agent used to diagnose, prevent, or treat a disease
drug
extent to which the drug causes the intended effect; effectiveness
efficacy
originating from inside the body
endogenous
originating from outside the body
exogeneous
water-loving; ionized form
hydrophilic
excessive level of blood potassium
hyperkalemia
excessive level of blood sodium
hypernatremia
solution that has more particles than the solution its being compared to (the tonicity of solutions is usually compared to blood)
hypertonic
deficiency of blood potassium
hypokalemia
deficiency of blood sodium
hyponatremia
solution that has fewer particles than the solution that it’s being compared to
hypotonic solution
low circulating blood volume
hypovolemia
electrically charged
ionized
solution that has equal particles to the solution that it’s being compared to
isotonic solution
fat-loving; nonionizing form
lipophilic
vaccine, antiserum, or antitoxin developed specifically for a single antigen or organism
monovalent
not charged electrically
nonionized
movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane along its concentration gradient
osmosis
physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action
pharmacodynamics
the impact of of genetic variation on drugs effects with hopes of achieving “personalized medicine”
pharmacogenomics
movement of drugs or chemicals; consists of absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and elimination
pharmacokinetics
inactive substance that is used for its suggested effects or substances used as a control in an experimental setting
placebo
vaccine, antiserum, or antitoxin that is active against multiple antigens or organisms; mixed vaccine
polyvalent
avoidance; also called prophylaxis
prevention
course of treatment
regimen
defree of fullness or rigidity caused by fluid content
turgor
product containing a disease-causing organism or antigen administered to stimulate the production of antibodies to fight infection
vaccine
vapors and gases taken in through the nose and mouth and absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs
inhalation
within the artery; abbreviated IA
intra-arterial
within the skin; abbreviated ID
intradermal
within the muscle; abbreviated IM
intramuscular
within the eye
intraocular
within the bone (medullary cavity of a long bone)
intraosseous
within the peritoneal cavity; abbreviated IP
intraperitoneal
within a sheath; injection of a substance through the spinal cord and into the subarachnoid space; thec/o means sheath; abbreviated IT
intrathecal
within the trachea or windpipe
intratracheal
within the vein; abbreviated IV
intravenous
process of making a fine mist; a method of drug administration
nebulization
administration via the GI tract
nonparenteral
by mouth; abbreviated PO
oral
through routes other than the GI tract
parenteral
through the skin
percutaneous
by rectum
rectal
under the skin or dermal layer; abbreviated SQ, SC, or subq
subcutaneous
under the tongue
sublingual
across the skin
transdermal
substance that relieves pain without affecting consciousness
analgesic
substance that produces lack of snesation
anesthetic
substance that neutralizes stomach acid
antacid
substance that works against intestinal worms
anthelmintic
substance that inhibits the growth of or kills bacteria
antibiotic
substance that inhibits clots formation
anticoagulant
substance that prevents seizures
anticonvulsant
substance that prevents vomiting
antiemetic
substance that treats neoplasms; usually used against malignancies
antineoplastic agent
substance that controls itching
antipuritic agent
substance that reduces fever
antipyretic
chemical agent that kills or prevents the growth of microorganisms on living tissue
antiseptic
substance that reduces coughing
antitussive
state without infection
asepsis
substance that changes heart rate
chronotrope
substance that kills or damages cells
cytotoxic agent
chemical agent that kills or prevents the growth of microorganisms on inanimate objects
disinfectant
substance that induces vomiting
emetic
agent that kills internal and external parasites
endectocide
substance that prevents or decreases the body’s reaction to invasion by disease or foreign material
immunosuppresent
substance affecting muscle contraction
inotrope
substance used to contract pupils
miotic agent
substance that breaks up mucus and reduces its viscosity
mucolytic
substance used to dilate the pupils
mydriatic agent
to destroy all organisms including bacterial endospores
steralize
apothecary unit of measure used for prescription vials
dram (one dram= 4ml)
the branch of science that treats diseases, injuries, and deformities by manual or operative methods
surgery
surgery method where change is made with an incision, such as setting a fracture; also known as closed
manipulative
involving the use of freezing to destroy tissue
cryogenic
involving the use of heat to destroy tissue
cauterizing
placed side to side
appositional
precautions taken to prevent contamination of a surgical wound
aseptic technique
tearing away of a part
avulsion
act of approximating
coaptation
removal of material or growths from the surface of a cavity
curettage
removal of foreign material and devitalized or contaminated tissue
debridement
disruption or opening of the surgical wound
dehiscence
separation or cutting apart
dissect
removal of an organ in whole; usually used for the eyeball
enucleation
healing by growth of the epithelium over an imcomplete surface
epithelialization
turning outward
eversion
removal or exposure of internal organs
eviscerate
to surgically remove
excise
to move an internal organ to the outside of the body
exteriorize
perforation
fenestration
mass of tissue for grafting in which part of the tissue still adheres to the body; used for repairing defects adjacent to the mass site
flap
easily crumbled
friable
destruction of living tissue by electric sparks generated by a high-frequency current
fulguration
tissue or organ for transplantation or implanation
graft
a graft from another individual of the same species
allograft
a graft from the same individual
autograft
a graft from genetically identical animals, such as twins or inbred strains
isograft
overlapping of opposing surfaces to realign organs and provide extra support
imbrication
material implanted or grafted into the body
implant
surgically cut into
incise
common term for “during surgery” intraoperatively
intraop
turning inward
inversion
covering or sheath that contains a sequestrum of bone
involucrum
act of tearing
ligate
general term for surgical removal of a mass
lumpectomy
irrigation of tissue with a fluid
lavage
insertion of a metal rod into the medullary cavity of a long bone
pinning
common term for after surgery; postoperatively
postop
to remove an organ or tissue
resect
forcible tearing
rupture
surgical removal off a saclike part; usually refers to the removal of anal sacs
sacculectomy
accumulation of serum beneath the surgical incision
seroma
to cut across
transect
pierce through and through
transfix
applying material to move liquid from one area to another
wicking
Apparatus for sterilizing by steam under pressure
autoclave
common term for abdominal wrap
belly band
flat metal bars with screw holes that is used in bone fracture repair
bone plate
screw that hold bone fragments together to repair fractures
bone screws
moveable joint of any ringed instrument
boxlock
band of metal that completely or partially goes around the circumference of a bone that is used in conjunction with other stabilization methods to repair a fracture
cerclage wire
clamping device for holding a drill bit
chuck
instrument used to secure or hold things
clamp
instrument with cupped head to scrape material from cavity walls
curette
device by which a channel may be established for the exit of fluids from a wound
drain
cloth arranged over a patient’s body to provide a sterile field around the area to be examined, treated, or incised
drape
various materials used to cover and protect a wound
dressing
bloodless castration device using small elastic bands
elastrator
instrument used to reflect tissue from bone
elevator
instrument used to crush and sever spermatic cord through intact skin
emasculatome
locking instrument used to grab and ligate vessels and tissues to control bleeding; also called hemostat
hemostatic forcep
metal rods that are inserted into the medullary cavity of long bones to repair stable fractures
intramedullary pins
artificial substitute for a diseased or missing part of the body
prosthesis
graded locking portion of an instrument located near the finger rings
ratchet
instrument used to hold back tissue
retractor
forceps with cupped jaws used to break large bone pieces into smaller ones or to cut through tough tissue
rongeurs
sawlike edge or border
serration
bandage for supporting part of the body
sling
tweezer-like, nonlocking instrument used to grasp tissue
tissue forceps
specific procedure by which an organ or a part is exposed
approach
surgical cut perpendicular to the long axis of the body, caudal to the last rib
flank incision
surgical cut oriented parallel to the last rib
paracostal incision
surgical cut lateral and parallel to the ventral midline but not on the midline
paramedian incision
surgical cut along the midsagittal plane of the abdomen along the linea alba
ventral midline incision
removing living tissue to examine it
biopsy
removing entire mass, tissue, or organ to examine
excisional biopsy
cutting into and removing part of a mass, tissue, or organ to examine it
incisional biopsy
insertion of a needle into a tissue for extraction of tissue to be examined
needle biopsy
postmortem examination that consists of thorough examination of a dead animal to determine cause and manner of death and to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present
necropsy
dull, not sharp
blunt
needle that has 2 or 3 opposing cutting edges
cutting needles
act of tying
ligation
substance used to lie or strangle a part
ligature
single strand of material (used to describe suture)
monofilament
several strands twisted together (used to describe suture)
multifiliament
metal staple-like device used for vessel ligation
surgical clip
eyeless needle; needle joined with suture material in a continuous unit
swaged needle
needle with a rounded tip that is sharp to allow piercing but not cutting of tissue
taper needle
ac
before meals (ante cibum)
ad lib
as much as desired
bid
twice daily
BSA
body surface area
cal
calorie
cap
capsule
cc
cubic centimeter (same as ml)
cm
centimeter
conc
concentration
dr
dram; equal to 1/8 oz or 4 ml
d5w
5%dextrose in water
ED
effective dose
ED50
median effective dose
fl oz
fluid ounce
g
gram
gal
gallon
gt
drop
gtt
drops
IU
International Unit or intrauterine
lb or #
pound
LD
lethal dose
LRS
Lactated Ringers’ Solution
MBC
minimum bacterial concentration
mcg
microgram
MED
minimal effective dose
mEq
milliequivalent
MIC
minimum inhibitory concentration
MLD
minimum lethal dose
npo
nothing by mouth
NS
Normal saline
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
OTC
over the counter
pc
after meals (post cibum)
po
orally
ppm
parts per million
PR
per rectum
prn
as needed
pt
pint
PZI
protamine zinc insulin
q
every
qd
every day
qh
every hour
qid
4 times daily
qn
every night
qod or eod
every other day
qp
as much as desired
rx
prescription
sid
once daily
sig
let it be written as
sol’n or sol
solution
T
tablespoon or tablet or temperature
tid
three times daily
tsp or t
teaspoon
vol
volume
bx
biopsy
fx
fracture
ICU
intensive care unit
OR
operating room
sx
surgery
