Chapter 16, Testing Testing Flashcards
the term used to describe the evaluation of a condition
Assessment
a description of the animal with information about the animal, including the species, breed, age, and sexual status (intact or neutered).
Signalment
parameters taken from the animal to asses its health.
Vital signs
an elevated body temperature
Febrile
without feaver
Afebrile
another medical term for fever other than febrile
Pyrexia
a decreased body temperature is known as
Hypothermia
this vital sign is the number of times the heart contracts and relaxed per minute.
Heart rate
the number of respirations per minute is
Respiration rate
an instrument used to measure blood pressure
Sphygmomanometer
this instrument is used to listen to blood sounds during the measurement of blood pressure in animals
Doppler
the act of listening, which usually involves the use a stethoscope to listen to body sounds.
Auscultation
examination by feeling
Palpation
examination by tapping the surface to determine density of a body area
Percussion
an instrument used to enlarge the opening of a canal or cavity
Speculum
withdrawing blood from a vein (usually with a needle and syringe)
Venipuncture
clumping together of cells or particals
Agglutination
assessment or test to determine the number of organisms, cells, or amount of a chemical substance found in a sample.
Assay
diagnostic evaluation of blood to determine the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes per cubic millimeter of blood; abbreviated CBC
complete blood count
diagnostic evaluation of the number of white blood cell types per cubic millimeter of blood
differential
liquid used to make a dilution
diluent
percentage of erythrocytes in blood; “to separate blood”; also called crit, PCV, or packed cell volume
hematocrit
record of the findings in examination of blood especially with reference to the numbers , proportions, and morphology of the blood cells.
hemogram
method of tagging antibodies with a luminating dye o detect antigen-antibody complexes
immunofluorescence
numeric and descriptive data in the WBC distribution used to identify a pathologic process
leukogram
group of laboratory test performed on serum; also called screen or panel; includes test that measure levels of glucose, liver enzymes, and kidney enzymes
profile
diagnostic evaluation of the number of seconds needed for thromboplastin to coagulate plasma
prothrombin time
laboratory technique in which a radioactively labeled substance is mixed with a blood specimen to determine the amount of a particular substance in the mixture; also called radioassay
radiommunoassay
number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter of blood
red cell count
laboratory study of serum and the reactions of antigens and antibodies
serology
number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter of blood
white cell count
instrument used to measure solute concentration f serum, urine and other body fluids
refactometer
the determination of the cause of disease; to “know completely”; plural is diagnoses
diagnosis
is the determination of possible causes of diseases; a list of possible causes of disease
differential diagnosis
the prediction of the outcome of disease; to “know before.”
prognosis
a characteristic of disease that can be observed by others
sign
a characteristic of disease that can be sensed only by the patient; incorrect term in veterinary medicine.
symptom
a set of signs that occur together
syndrome
having a short course with a sudden onset; implies severe
acute
having an excessively acute onset
peracute
having a long course with a progressive onset; persisting for a long time
chronic
partial or complete disappearance of disease signs
remission
the ongoing presence of disease in a group; also called enzootic if the disease is always present in an animal community.
endemic
the sudden and widespread outbreak of disease in a group; also called epizootic if the outbreak attacks many animals in a group
epidemic
disease outbreak occurring over a large geographic area; also called panzootic if the widespread outbreak affects many animals
pandemic
a machine that spins samples very rapidly to separate elements based on weight.
centrifuge
the property of a low pH, or high number of hydrogen ions
acid
the property of high pH, or low number of hydrogen ions
alkaline also called basic
a microorganism that produces disease
pathogen
a living organism of microscopic dimensions
microorganism
used to describe the ability of an organism to cause disease
virulence
deviation from normal
disease
disease that can be spread from one animal to another by direct or indirect contact
contagious
contagious disease also may be referred to as
communicable
disorder caused by physicians or veterinarians
iatrogenic disease
disorder of unknown cause
idiopathic disease
disorder caused by pathogenic orgamisms
infectious disease
disease that cannot be spread to another animal by contact or contact with a contaminated object
noncontagious disease
disorder not caused by organisms (examples: genetic, traumatic, and iatrogenic.)
noninfectious disease
disorder caused by pathogenic organisms contracted in a facility or clinic
nosocomial infection
a microscopic, prokaryotic unicellular organism; plural is bacteria
bacterium
grapelike cluster of spherical bacteria
staphylococci
spherical bacteria that form chains
streptococci
rod-shaped bacteria
bacilli
spiral shaped bacteria that are tightly coiled
spirochetes
a resistant, oval body formed in some bacteria
endspore
a small rod-shaped bacterium transmitted by lice, fleas, ticks, or mites.
ricketsia
a eukaryotic organism without chlorophyll; plural is fungi
fungus
a budding form of fungus
yeast
a filamentous form of fungi
mold
an organism that lives on or in another living organism
parasite
a small organism that is not visualized via microscopy; viruses live only by invading cells
virus
without signs of disease
asymptomatic
pertaining to, resulting from, or caused by a noninjurious route
atraumatic
animal that harbors an infectious agent without displaying clinical signs and who may transmit the infectious agent to others
carrier
visible, readily observed, pertaining to treatment
clinical
to catch a disease
contract
deviation from normal health
disease
study of relationships determining frequency and distribution of diseases
epidemiology
study of disease causes
etiology
more than normal
excessive
localized region
focus
common term for any pathogenic microorganism, but especially bacterial and viral organisms
germ
number of new cases of disease occurring during a given time
incidence
unstable
labile
causing death
lethal
afflicted with disease
morbid
ratio of diseased animals to well animals in a population
morbidity
near death
moribund
ratio of diseased animals that die to diseased animals
mortality
able to relieve but not cure a condition
palliative
extreme fear
phobia
number of cases of disease in a population at a certain time
prevalence
prevention
prophylaxis
condition occurring as a consequence of another condition
squela
without showing signs of disease
subclinical
lacking resistance
susceptible
enlarged by fluid retention
swollen
ability to transfer from on animal to the next
transmissible
spread of disease via blood or body fluids
bloodborne transmission
spread of disease via contact with reproductive areas or through copulation
sexual trasmission
spread of disease via respiratory droplets
airborne transmission
spread of disease via eating, drinking, of licking contaminated food, water, or objects
fecal-oral transmission
pertaining to, resulting from, or causing injury
traumatic
disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans
zoonosis
the visual examination of the interior of any cavity of the body by means of an endoscope
endoscopy
a procedure using an endoscope to aid in surgical procedures so that only very small incisions are made
endoscopic surgery
a sharp, needlelike instrument that has a cannual that is used to puncture the wall of a body cavity t withdraw fluids or gas
trocar
a hollow tube
cannual
the surgical puncture to remove fluid or gas for diagnostic purposes or for treatment
centesis
the procedure in which film is exposed as ionizing radiation passes through the patient and shows the internal body structures in profile
radiography
the record of ionizing radiation used to visualize internal body structures
radiograph
means appearing white or light gray on a radiograph
radiopaque
appearing black or dark gray on a radiograph
radiolucent
the study of internal body structures after exposure to ionizing radiation
radiology
abbreviation for kilovoltage peak and represents the strength of the x-ray beam
kVp
abbreviation for milliamperes per second and represents the number of x-ray beams (because it is based on time)
MAS
a plain radiograph made without the use of a contrast medium
scout film
a substance used to show structures on X-ray that are otherwise difficult to see
radiographic contrast medium, example - barium sulfate
a type of contrast radiograph used to visualize the structured of the lower gastrointestinal tract.
lower GI, an enema is used to introduce contrast material into the colon; therefore also called a barium enema
type of contrast radiograph used to visualize the structured of the upper gastrointestinal tract
upper GI, contrast material is swallowed; therefore is also called a barium swallow
a radiographic examination of the lymphatic vessels after injection of contrast material
lymphangiography
the bath of the X-ray beam
projection
the specified body positioning and the part of the body closest to the film
positioning
used in reference to positioning
recumbency
refers to the animal in its normal standing position
anatomical position
the procedure in which ionizing radiation with computer assistance passes through the patient and shows internal body structures in cross-sectional views
computed tomography also called CT scan or CAT scan
the procedure in which radio waves and a strong magnetic field pass through the patient and show the internal body structures in three-dimensional views
MRI- Magnetic resonance imaging
the procedure used to visually examine internal body structures in motion using radiation to project images on a fluorescent screen
fluroscopy
the imaging of internal body structures by recording echos of high frequency waves
ultrasound or ultrasonography
shows the internal body structures by recording echos of pulses of sound waves above the range of human hearing
sonogram
intensity of an ultrasound wave
amplitude
ultrasonic term for when waves are transmitted to deeper tissue and none are reflected back
anechoic
loss of intensity of the ultrasound beam as it travels through tissue
attenuation
ultrasound property of producing adequate levels of reflections when sound waves are returned to the transducer and displayed
echoic
number of cycles per unit of tim
frequency
tissue that reflects more sound back to the transducer than the surrounding tissues; appears bright
hyperechoic
tissue that reflects less sound back to the transducer than the surrounding tissue; appears dark
hypoechoic
tissue that has the same ultrasonic appearance as that of surrounding tissue
isoechoic
ability to separately identify different structures on radiograph or ultrasound
resolution
speed at which something travels through an object
velocity
length that a wave must travel in one cycle
wavelength
