Chapter 17 (17.1 - 17.3 + 17.7) Polymers Flashcards
what are polymers
polymers are large molecules linked together with many smaller molecules (monomers)
what are the 2 main links in polymers
amide linkage
ester linkage
what are the 2 main types of polymers
synthetic
natural
how are synthetic molecules made
made by polymerisation (addition or condensation)
how are natural polymers made
found in the environment/nature
what is addition polymerisation
can happen with only unsaturated hydrocarbons where the double bond breaks to form a polymer. Only one type of monomer to form only one product: the polymer itself.
examples of addition polymerisation
ethene —> polyethene
pentene —> polypentene
what is condensation polymerisation
condensation polymerisation 2 reactants used and by product is given out
what is the ester linkage
example of 2 monomers that form it
-c=o-o
A dicarboxylic acid + A diol
what is the amide linkage
-C=O-N-H
which two bio molecules are made from condensation polymerisation and which linkage do they have
carbs: glycosidic linkage (-O-)
proteins: amide linkage
what is the main difference between condensation polymerisation and addition
Addition polymerisation forms the polymer molecule only
Condensation polymerisation forms the polymer molecule and eliminates another small molecule per linakge
how are the functional groups of polymers made (condensation)
The functional groups at the ends of one monomer react with the functional group on the end of the other monomer, in so doing creating long chains of alternating monomers, forming the polymer and giving a by product
how to draw a polymer
1) To draw a repeat unit, change the double bond in the monomer to a single bond in the repeat unit
2) Add a bond to each end of the repeat unit
3) The bonds on either side of the polymer must extend outside the brackets (these are called extension or continuation bonds)
4) A small subscript n is written on the bottom right hand side to indicate a large number of repeat units
5) Add on the rest of the groups in the same order that they surrounded the double bond in the monomer
how is nylon formed
1)Nylon is a polyamide made from dicarboxylic acid monomers (a carboxylic with a -COOH group at either end) and diamines (an amine with an -NH2 group at either end)
2)Each -COOH group reacts with another -NH2 group on another monomer
3)An amide linkage is formed with the subsequent loss of one water molecule per link
