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Chem > Chapter 16 (16.3-16.8) Nomenclature > Flashcards

Chapter 16 (16.3-16.8) Nomenclature Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three types of hydrocarbons

A

alkanes, alkenes, alkynes

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2
Q

characteristics of a homologous series

A

same functional group
same general formula
same chemical properties
Consecutive members differ by CH2

boiling and melting points increases down a homologous series
common methods of preparation
Viscosity increases
Flammability decreases

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3
Q

What is a functional group (definition)

A

An atom or group of atoms in a molecule that dictates how the compound will react

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4
Q

which hydrocarbon is unsaturated

A

alkene, alkyne

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5
Q

Are alkenes or Alkanes more reactive
why

A

Alkenes - double bond easier to break

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6
Q

what is the general formula of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

eg:- carbon = 7
then hydrogen = 2(7)+2 therefore 16
C7H16

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7
Q

functional group of alkane

A

single bond between carbons

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8
Q

properties of alkanes

A

insoluble in water
The boiling point of alkanes increases with increasing molecular weight.
The melting point of alkanes increases with an increase in molecular weight.

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9
Q

naming alkanes

A

1) select longest chain (straight, L shaped)
2) number closest to the branch
3) all other groups not part of the longest chain should be taken as a branch
4) if there is more than one group present as a branch then written as di,tri etc. and branches are named in alphabetical order eg ethyl, methyl. ethyl comes first

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10
Q

what is methane

A

ch4

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11
Q

what is ethane

A

c2h6

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12
Q

what is propane

A

c3h8

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13
Q

what is butane

A

c4h10

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14
Q

combustion reaction of alkanes

A

Alkane + oxygen –> co2 + h2o
eg: CH4 + 2o2 –> CO2 + 2H2O

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15
Q

What is a substitution reaction
Example

A

One atom or a group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

Eg: Photochemical Reaction

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16
Q

photochemical reaction of alkane

A

occurs only under presence of light

Alkane + Halogen —–light—–> Alkyl-Halide + Acid
CH4 + Cl2 —–light—–> CH3Cl + HCl

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17
Q

What does the light do in a photochemical reaction

A

provides the activation energy required for the reaction

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18
Q

What happens as the amount of chlorine increases in photochemical reaction

A

More and more hydrogen atoms are substituted by chlorine atoms

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19
Q

properties of alkynes

A

have one less hydrogen than their alkane (methane ch4 /methyl ch3)

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20
Q

general formula of alkenes

A

CnH2n

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21
Q

what is the functional group of alkenes

A

double bond between the carbon

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22
Q

naming alkenes

A

1) select longest chain
2) naming starts closest to the double bond

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23
Q

properties of alkenes

A

Unsaturated (reactive) due to double bond between the 2 carbons
known as olefins as when they react with halogens they produce oil.
colorless
odourless
insoluble in water
The boiling points of the compounds increase as the number of carbon atoms in the compound increases.

24
Q

What is cracking

A

Process of breaking molecules into smaller ones

25
Q

What is Zeolite

A

Hot catalyst used in cracking

26
Q

cracking of alkanes and alkenes

A

1) long chain alkane —heat,pressure,catalyst—-> alkene + hydrogen
2) long chain alkane —heat,pressure,catalyst—-> short chain alkane + alkene

no.1 eg: c5h12 (pentane) -h,p,c—> c5h10 + h2
no.2 eg: c5h12 (pentane) -h,p,c—> c2h6 + c3h6

27
Q

Why is cracking performed

A

Make the best use of petroleum to meet demand

Gives alkenes, which aren’t found in petroleum

28
Q

combustion reaction of alkenes

A

Alkene + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water

29
Q

What is an addition reaction

A

Turns unsaturated alkenes into a saturated compound.

ONLY YILEDS ONE PRODUCT

30
Q

2 types of addition reactions

A

hydrogenation of alkene
Alkenes + Hydrogen –> Alkanes

Hydration of alkenes
Alkenes + H2O –h, p, acid c–> Alcohols

31
Q

hydrogenation of alkene
(Conversation from alkene to alkane)

A

c2h4 + h2 –h,p,c—> c2h6

32
Q

hydration of alkene

A

c2h4 (ethene) + H2O <—-300c, 60-70 pressure, phosphoric acid—–> C2H5OH

33
Q

test for unsaturation

A

bromine water + alkane —> no colour change (remains orange)
indicating that it is saturated

bromine water + alkene —-> orange-brown to colorless
indicating that it is unsaturated as bromine can be added

34
Q

what are isomers

A

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

35
Q

Alkene isomers

A

1) branch
where in the branching in the structure is different
2) unbranch
where its the longest chain but placement of the double bond is different

36
Q

general formula and functional group of alcohol

are they a hydocarbon

A

functional group: OH
general formula: CnH2n+1OH

Not a hydrocarbon

37
Q

2 methods to yield alcohol

A

1) biological method. anaerobic respiration of yeast yields alcohol
C6H12O6 —–> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
2) chemical method, hydration of ethene. C2H4 + H2O (gas) <—-300c, 60-70Pa—–> C2H5OH

38
Q

combustion of Alcohol

A

C2H5OH + O2 —-> CO2 +H2O
highly exothermic reaction, hence alcohol is used as a fuel

39
Q

oxidation of alcohol

A

C2H5OH + [O] —-> CH3COOH
alcohol on oxidation form carboxylic acid

40
Q

what is Carboxylic Acid’s functional group and general formula

Are they a hydrocarbon?

A

an acid that is made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
functional group: COOH
general formula: CnH2n+1COOH

Not a hydrocarbon

41
Q

formation of carboxylic acid

A

Biological method: fermentation, while making alcohol expose it to the air for it to form carboxylic acid, through oxidation, adding bacteria could also form carboxylic acid

Using alcohol and oxidizing agent:- use potassium permanganate or potassium dichromate as an oxidizing agent. this agent will bring about oxidation on alcohol

potassium permanganate
MnO4 —> Mn2+

potassium dichromate
CrO7^2- —-> 2Cr2+

42
Q

reactions of carboxylic acid

A

carboxylic acid + metal —> metal carboxylate + h2

carboxylic acid + metal oxide/hydroxide —> metal carboxylate + H2O

CH3COO- always gains electrons

43
Q

esterification

A

carboxylic acid + alcohol —-> ester + h2o
eg ethanoic acid + methanol —-> methyl-ethanoate + h2o

44
Q

how to name esters

A

alcohol + yl, carboxylic acid + ate

45
Q

How are aklanes, alkenes, alcohol and carboxylic acids linked?

A

Alkanes - obtained from petroleum/occur naturally
Alkenes - cracking Alkanes
Alcohols - Alkenes reaction with water
Carboxylic acids - Oxidising Alcohols

46
Q

what is butanol oxidised by

A

Butan-1-ol is oxidised by acidified potassium manganate

47
Q

which naturally occurring compounds contain the ester linkage

A

fats / vegetable oils

48
Q

what is meant by the term fermentation

A

sugar (glucose) changed to alcohol (ethanol)
c6h12o6 + 2c2h5oh + 2co2
catalysed by enzymes

49
Q

What type of compound are vegetable oil and biodiesel?

A

esters

50
Q

What other useful product is made from vegetable oil by heating it with aqueous sodium hydroxide?

A

soap

51
Q

why is biodiesel better for the environment than petroleum-based diesel

A

both produce carbon dioxide and emit it into the environment
but growing plants is needed to make bio fuels and plants remove carbon dioxide from the air

52
Q

when writing an esters structural formula which compounds structual formula comes first

A

carboxylic acid-coo-alcohol
eg propyl ethanoate
ch3-coo-c3h7

53
Q

How could you show that butanol made from petroleum and biobutanol are the same
chemical?

A

see if they boil at the same temp

54
Q

2 conditions needed for the fermentation of glucose

A

Yeast
Anaerobic respiration - no oxygen

55
Q

Why does the concentration of ethanol produced by fermentation not exceed 15%

is this an adv or disadv

A

Disadv - If concentration exceeded 15% it would kill the yeast and hence never exceeds that.

56
Q

Another disadvantage of fermentation

A

slow rate of reaction

Chem (31 decks)

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