Chapter 15 Flashcards
What were the two principal authorities for truth during the Middle Ages?
ancient philosophers and church tradition
List three (four given) new instruments that aided scientific investigation of the physical world.
telescopes, microscopes, thermometers, barometers
What Polish astronomer challenged the theory of an earth-centered universe?
Copernicus
What was Copernicus’s theory/view called?
heliocentric (sun-centered) theory
What contribution did Edward Jenner make to the field of medicine?
developed the smallpox vaccination
Who is the Father of Modern Chemistry?
Lavoisier
The Age of Reason was during what centuries?
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
Scientists use the _____ when seeking answers to their questions about the physical world.
Scientific Method
From the Renaissance to the eighteenth century, scientific inquiry and achievement advanced so rapidly that historians often speak of a _____.
scientific revolution
What were the affects of the scientific revolution?
⇒greatly increased man’s knowledge of the physical universe
⇒Old myths and legends were discarded as men discovered the principles that God established to govern His creation
What German astronomer agreed with Copernicus that the sun was the center of the universe, but thought that the orbits were elliptical (oval-shaped) rather than Copernicus’s theory of the rotations being circular?
Kepler
What German astronomer asked God to keep his investigations free from personal bias?
Kepler
Who is possibly the best-known astronomer in history?
Galileo (Galilei)
What do we remember Newton best for?
his discovery of the laws of gravity
Who wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body?
Vesalius
What famous Roman physician suggested that since the human body is chemical in nature, chemicals should be used to treat disease.
Paracelsus
Who is known as the Father of Experimental Biology?
William Harvey
Irishman _____ was the first to publish the law of inverse gas pressure.
Boyle
English chemist _____ discovered several important chemical substances: ammonia, oxygen, nitrous oxide (laughing gas), hydrochloric acid, and carbon dioxide, among others.
Priestley
_____ of the Netherlands greatly improved the microscope by making lenses that could magnify up to 160 times.
Leeuwenhoek
_____ from Flanders devised a way to map the earth on a flat surface.
Mercator
What English philosopher was one of the inductive method or reasoning?
What important book did he write?
Sir Francis Bacon
Novum Organum
What name is given to the idea that everything in the universe is part of one substance called “God”?
Pantheism
Who was the leading advocate of Pantheism?
Baruch Spinoza
What were the most prominent spokesmen of the “enlightened” attitude called?
What country were they from?
Philosophes
France
What aspect of English government did the French philosopher Montesquieu credit as aiding in political liberty?
The separation of the three powers of government
What famous work did Montesquieu write?
The Spirit of Laws
What aspects of biblical Christianity did some Enlightenment philosophers and scientists reject?
Why?
Orthodox Christianity
It didn’t conform to their new ideas
What became the new religion of the Age of Reason?
Deism
Name three major Pietst leaders in Germany.
Philipp Spener
August Francke
Nickolaus Von Zinzendorf
Who is the founder of the Methodists?
John Wesley
Who is known as the Father of English Hymnody?
Isaac Watts
Who is considered the greatest English hymn writer of all time?
Charles Wesley
What www the name of the spiritual revival in America that climaxed in the 1740s?
Great Awakening
What man from Massachusetts was the most famous preacher during this American revival?
Jonathan Edwards
What famous sermon did Jonathan Edwards deliver?
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
Who delivered the sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God?
Jonathan Edwards
What artistic age spanning from 1600 to 1750 is characterized by its grand, heroic, sensual, and emotional style?
Baroque
Who was one of the most famous architects of the seventeenth century?
What did he design?
Giovanni Bernin
Beautiful fountains for Roman plazas and the expansive colonnades outside St. Peter’s Basilica
List two characteristics of the rococo style.
Small
Shell-like
Who is the most famous composer of oratorios of this period?
Handel
What is his best-known and best-loved oratorio?
Messiah
Who wrote Robinson Crusoe?
Daniel Defoe
Of what literary form was Robinson Crusoe a forerunner?
Prose Writing
