Chapter 10 Flashcards
What were the four reasons that trade was lacking in Medieval Europe?
(1) Travel was dangerous
(2) Lack of money
(3) Trade with East was down
(4) Towns were weak
What is the exchange of goods for goods (trading)?
barter
What were the three principal routes by which the traders from the orient reached the Mediterranean?
The southern route (entirely water);
the central route (combined land and water);
the northern route, aka the “Silk Road” (an overland route across central Asia connecting Beijing and Constantinople)
What was the important trade city of France?
Flandere
What was the important trade city of Italy?
Venice
A _____ is a place of local trade.
Market
A _____ is a place of foreign trade.
Trade Fair
What was the most famous trade fair?
Champagne (France)
Who were the people who judged the approximate value of coins, discovering counterfeit currency, and determining one currency’s value in relation to another?
moneychangers
List some things that money changers did (other than change money)
- judge value of money
- guard money
- lend money
During the early Middle Ages, _____ merchants had dominated trade in the Mediterranean region.
Muslim
What was Flandere’s product?
Cloth
A “letter of credit” is most close to our modern _____.
Check
What Italian word do we get our word “bank” from?
“banca”
What does “banca” mean?
“bench”
How did the Markets and Trade fairs influence the Church.
They started to take peoples interest
What is usury?
The practice of charging interest for the use of lent money
MOD T/F: The church PROMOTED usury.
False (prohibited)
The church advocated a “_____ _____” for goods sold- a price for labor expended, and a reasonable profit.
“just price”
The privileges granted a town bu a feudal lord were usually written down in a legal document called a _____.
charter
What were the four basic freedoms that most townsmen shared?
Free Status
Exemption from Manorial Obligations
Town Justice
Commercial Privileges
Briefly explain Free Status.
No matter what his previous status, a man who lived in a town for a year and a day was considered free.
Briefly explain the Exemption from Manorial Obligations.
Town charters usually exempted townsmen from laboring for the lord of the manor. Payment (usually in cash form) was given to the lord instead of laboring for him.
Briefly explain town justice.
Instead of being tried in a feudal court and judged by feudal customs, a feudal townsman was tried in the court of his town and was judged by town people and town customs.
Briefly explain commercial privileges.
The chief commercial freedom granted to townsmen was the right to buy and sell freely in the town market.
The primary function of a _____ was to regulate the business activity of a given town.
Guilds
What was the primary function of a guild?
To regulate the business activity of a given town.
____ provided aide to members in need. They established schools and cared for the poor, widows, and orphans.
Guilds
MOD T/F: GUILDS were groups of businesses of the same craft/trade that helped each other out.
True
What are the 3 classes of members in each craft guild?
Apprentice
Journeyman
Master
A young boy began his training as a/an _____ (a guild class).
Apprentice
About how long was an apprenticeship?
2-7 years
At the end of his apprenticeship, the young man became a/an _____. He could then seek employment and earn wages as a skilled worker.
Journeyman
To become a/an _____, a man had to have years of experience, funds to open a shop, as well as undergo an examination, present an example of his workmanship (masterpiece), and take an oath to conduct himself according to the regulations of the guild.
Master
Sometimes towns formed associations to promote and protect their mutual commercial interests. The most famous of these was the _____.
Hanseatic League
What new social class emerged in the early feudal society (composed of merchants, bankers, craftsmen, and skilled laborers).
Middle Class
The _____ people (the “men of the town”) were known as burgesses in England, bourgeois in France, and burgers in Germany.
Middle Class
How many people died in the “black death”?
100,000 people, 1/4 of the population
What were the results of the black death?
Less demand,
Less production,
Less jobs
A focus on grammar, rhetoric, and logic; trivium or quadrivium.
Trivium
A focus on arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music; trivium or quadrivium
Quadrivium
At first any association of people (scholastically) such as a guild, was called a _____.
Universitas
The schools and universities of 12th century Europe provided a home for the new intellectual movement known as _____, characterized by a renewed interest in theology and philosophy.
Scholasticism
What 3 men dealt with Scholastcism?
Anselm
Abelard
Aquinas
Who is known as “the prince of the Schoolmen”?
Aquinas
Who was the archbishop of Canterbury?
Anslem
Scholasticism is basically the mixture of _____ and _____.
theology and philosophy
What is theology?
teachings of the church (faith)
What is philosophy?
the writings of Greek philosophers (reason)
What did Aquinas write?
Summa Theologica
What did Abelard write?
Sic et non
The “new scientific thinker” _____ proposed looking at science using experimentation and observation.
Bacon
What is the commonly spoken language of a region?
vernacular
Who wrote the Divine Comedy?
Dante
Who wrote The Canterbury Tales?
Chaucer
What is the basic difference between Romanesque and Gothic architecture?
Romanesque= simple Gothic= complex
_____ emerged in the late Middle Ages as people in certain regions became more fully aware of their common traditions, language, and religion.
Nation-states
What war was fought 1337-1453?
the Hundred Years’ War
What two nations fought in the Hundred Years’ War?
England and France
List some reasons for the Hundred Years’ War.
- English claims to French throne
- French encroaching (taking) English lands
Who won the most battles in the Hundred Years’ War?
England
Who won the Hundred Years’ War?
France
England had better _____ and _____ but France had more _____.
Tactics and Leaders
People
What was the first major French victory?
Orlénes
What color is associated with York in the Wars of the Roses?
White (a white rose)
What color is associated with Lancaster in the Wars of the Roses?
red (a red rose)
How did Henry VII end the wars of the Roses?
He married the enemies daughter
What are Spanish Muslims called?
<oors
The _____ was a council composed of nobles, clergy, and representatives of the cities.
Cortes
_____ and _____ completed the Reconquista.
Ferdinand and Isabella
What year was the Reconquista ended?
1492
By the middle of the 14th century a written constitution known as the _____.
Golden Bull
The Golden Bull established the _____ of the Holy Roman Empire.
Diet
The _____ family built a strong base of power among the southern German states.
Hapsburg
Emperor _____ greatly enlarged the Hapsburg possessions through marriage.
Maximilian I
Under what pope did the decline of the Roman Catholic Church begin?
Boniface VIII
What is an official papal document?
(papal) bull
What does the Unam Sanctum state?
that in order to be saved you need to follow the pope
From _____ to _____ the popes- all Frenchmen- resided at Avignon.
1309 to 1377
The period when all the popes resided in Auignon is known as _____.
“Babylonian Captivity”
A short time after the death of Boniface, a Frenchmen was elected to the papal office; He never set foot in Rome but moved the papal capital from Rome to _____.
Avigon
For 40 years the _____ _____ divided the allegiance of the nations of Europe.
Great Schism
What was the Great Schism?
When there were two popes who claimed they were the rightful pope, and eventually, a third
What church council finally settled the Great Schism?
Council of Constance
Who did the council of Constance elect as the pope, settling the Great Schism?
Martin V
