Chapter 14 CNS Flashcards
aneurysm
localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery
cerebral MRI
noninvasive technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of blood vessels in the brain
cisterna subarachnoidalis
Widening portions of the subarachnoid space within the cranium where the arachnoid bridges over a depression on the surface of the brain
CSF
located in the subarachnoid space; colorless fluid that contains proteins, glucose, urea, salts, and some WBCs. Circulates to provide nutritive substances to the CNS
CT scan
imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned (brain) and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
hydrocephalus
any interference with the absorption of CSF resulting in a collection of fluid in the brain
lumbar puncture
procedure to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids to be injected
meningismus
A condition characterized by neck stiffness, headache, and other symptoms suggestive of meningeal irritation, but without actual inflammation of the meninges (meningitis). Spinal fluid pressure may be elevated but spinal fluid is normal
occipital
the two lobes of the brain located above the occipital bone in the rearmost portion of the head
R/O
rule out
subarachnoid
the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater containing CSF
abscess
localized collection of pus at the site of infection
acute
rapid onset and/or short course
clonidine
a sympatholytic medication used to treat high blood pressure, ADHD, anxiety/panic disorders, and certain pain conditions. It is classified as a centrally acting α2 adrenergic agonist
epidural
The epidural space is the space inside the bony spinal canal but just outside the dura mater
fluroscopy
radiographic technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays continuous motion images of internal structures
infarct
An area of tissue that undergoes necrosis as a result of obstruction of local blood supply, as by a thrombus or embolus
L2-3
lumbar vertebrae 2 and 3
lumbar
of or pertaining to the abdominal segment of the torso, between the diaphragm and the sacrum
methadone
Treats moderate to severe pain. Also used together with medical supervision and counseling to treat narcotic drug addiction or to help control withdrawal symptoms. This medicine is a narcotic pain reliever
myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord, which often targets insulating material covering nerve cell fibers (myelin)
paraplegia
paralysis of the lower portion of the trunk and both legs
paresthesia
A skin sensation, such as burning, prickling, itching, or tingling, with no apparent physical cause
T 10-11
thoracic vertebrae 10 and 11
transverse
acting, lying, or being across
hemiparesis
weakness in one half of the body
aphasia
inability to speak
Alzheimer disease
pathological condition associated with formation of small plaques in the cerebral cortex
bulimia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by binging and purging
clonic phase
part of the grand mal seizure characterized by uncontrolled jerking of the body
Guillain-Barre syndrome
autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of peripheral nerves
phobias
type of neurosis characterized by irrational fears
bipolar disorder
mental disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, emotion, and energy
epilepsies
chronic or recurring seizure disorders
ischemic stroke
commonly caused by narrowing of the carotid arteries
shingles
disease caused by the same organism that causes chickenpox in children
radiculopathy
disease of the nerve root associated with the spinal cord
poliomyelitis
disease that causes inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord
lethargy
abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli
myelomeningocele
most severe form of spina bifida where the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine
autism
mental disorder characterized by extreme withdrawal and abnormal absorption in fantasy
Parkinson disease
disease characterized by head nodding, bradykinesia, tremors, and shuffling gait
multiple sclerosis
disease characterized by demyelination in the spinal cord and brain
concussion
loss of consciousness caused by trauma to the head
NCV (nerve conduction velocity)
tests the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve
psychostimulants
reduce impulsive behavior by increasing the level of neurotransmitters; treat ADHD and narcolepsy
antipsychotics
treat psychosis, paranoia, and schizophrenia by altering chemicals in the brain, including the limbic system, which controls emotions
general anesthetics
act upon brain to produce complete loss of feeling with loss of consciousness
echoencephalography
US technique used to study the intracranial structures of the brain
cryosurgery
technique that employs extreme cold to destroy tissue
myelography
radiological examination of the spinal canal, nerve roots, and spinal cord
cerebral angiography
visualization of the cerebrovascular system after injection of a radiopaque dye
CSF analysis
laboratory test used to diagnose viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and hemorrhage
electromyography
recording of electrical signals when a muscle is at rest and during contraction to assess nerve damage
PET scan
scan using computed tomography to record the positrons emitted from a radiopharmaceutical
tractotomy
transection of a nerve tract in the brainstem or spinal cord
hypnotics
agents that depress the CNS functions, promote sedation and sleep, and relieve agitation, anxiousness, and restlessness
trephination
cutting a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure
localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery
aneurysm
noninvasive technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of blood vessels in the brain
cerebral MRI
Widening portions of the subarachnoid space within the cranium where the arachnoid bridges over a depression on the surface of the brain
cisterna subarachnoidalis
located in the subarachnoid space; colorless fluid that contains proteins, glucose, urea, salts, and some WBCs. Circulates to provide nutritive substances to the CNS
CSF
imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned (brain) and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
CT scan
any interference with the absorption of CSF resulting in a collection of fluid in the brain
hydrocephalus
procedure to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids to be injected
lumbar puncture
A condition characterized by neck stiffness, headache, and other symptoms suggestive of meningeal irritation, but without actual inflammation of the meninges (meningitis). Spinal fluid pressure may be elevated but spinal fluid is normal
meningismus
the two lobes of the brain located above the occipital bone in the rearmost portion of the head
occipital
rule out
R/O
the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater containing CSF
subarachnoid
localized collection of pus at the site of infection
abscess
rapid onset and/or short course
acute
a sympatholytic medication used to treat high blood pressure, ADHD, anxiety/panic disorders, and certain pain conditions. It is classified as a centrally acting α2 adrenergic agonist
clonidine
the space inside the bony spinal canal & just outside the dura mater
epidural
radiographic technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays continuous motion images of internal structures
fluroscopy
An area of tissue that undergoes necrosis as a result of obstruction of local blood supply, as by a thrombus or embolus
infarct
lumbar vertebrae 2 and 3
L2-3
of or pertaining to the abdominal segment of the torso, between the diaphragm and the sacrum
lumbar
Treats moderate to severe pain. Also used together with medical supervision and counseling to treat narcotic drug addiction or to help control withdrawal symptoms. This medicine is a narcotic pain reliever
methadone
inflammation of the spinal cord, which often targets insulating material covering nerve cell fibers (myelin)
myelitis
paralysis of the lower portion of the trunk and both legs
paraplegia
A skin sensation, such as burning, prickling, itching, or tingling, with no apparent physical cause
paresthesia
thoracic vertebrae 10 and 11
T 10-11
acting, lying, or being across
transverse
weakness in one half of the body
hemiparesis
inability to speak
aphasia
pathological condition associated with formation of small plaques in the cerebral cortex
Alzheimer disease
eating disorder characterized by binging and purging
bulimia nervosa
part of the grand mal seizure characterized by uncontrolled jerking of the body
clonic phase
autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of peripheral nerves
Guillain-Barre syndrome
type of neurosis characterized by irrational fears
phobias
mental disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, emotion, and energy
bipolar disorder
chronic or recurring seizure disorders
epilepsies
commonly caused by narrowing of the carotid arteries
ischemic stroke
disease caused by the same organism that causes chickenpox in children
shingles
disease of the nerve root associated with the spinal cord
radiculopathy
disease that causes inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord
poliomyelitis
abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli
lethargy
most severe form of spina bifida where the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine
myelomeningocele
mental disorder characterized by extreme withdrawal and abnormal absorption in fantasy
autism
disease characterized by head nodding, bradykinesia, tremors, and shuffling gait
Parkinson disease
disease characterized by demyelination in the spinal cord and brain
multiple sclerosis
loss of consciousness caused by trauma to the head
concussion
tests the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve
NCV (nerve conduction velocity)
reduce impulsive behavior by increasing the level of neurotransmitters; treat ADHD and narcolepsy
psychostimulants
treat psychosis, paranoia, and schizophrenia by altering chemicals in the brain, including the limbic system, which controls emotions
antipsychotics
act upon brain to produce complete loss of feeling with loss of consciousness
general anesthetics
US technique used to study the intracranial structures of the brain
echoencephalography
technique that employs extreme cold to destroy tissue
cryosurgery
radiological examination of the spinal canal, nerve roots, and spinal cord
myelography
visualization of the cerebrovascular system after injection of a radiopaque dye
cerebral angiography
laboratory test used to diagnose viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and hemorrhage
CSF analysis
recording of electrical signals when a muscle is at rest and during contraction to assess nerve damage
electromyography
scan using computed tomography to record the positrons emitted from a radiopharmaceutical
PET scan
transection of a nerve tract in the brainstem or spinal cord
tractotomy
agents that depress the CNS functions, promote sedation and sleep, and relieve agitation, anxiousness, and restlessness
hypnotics
cutting a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure
trephination