Chapter 12

Question 1

Compare species and subspecies in terms of number.

Answer 1

Species have more compared to subspecies.

Question 2

Are allele frequencies in a subspecies stable? What causes changes in allele frequencies in local population?

Answer 2

Yes

1. Mutation
2. Migration
3. Sexual reproduction
4. Large population size

Question 3

Describe the four mechanisms that promote genetic diversity in a population.

Answer 3

1. Mutation
2. Migration
3. Sexual Reproduction
4. Large Population Size

Question 4

What is the problem with using the concept of “race” in studying humans?

Answer 4

Don’t want to confuse the culture version of “race” with the biological version.

Question 5

Describe three factors that can cause genetic differences among small local populations.

Answer 5

1. Adaption to local conditions
   Ex: Camouflage
2. Founder effect
   Ex: All individuals are descendants of a few immigrant individuals
3. Genetic Bottleneck
   Ex: All individuals are descendants of a few survivors

Question 6

What are the advantages of using genetically defined plants or animals? What are potential problems with using only genetically defined plants or animals?

Answer 6

Pros- Greater consistency and predictability of outcomes possible (only if environment is also predictable)

Cons- If environment conditions become unfavorable, all individuals may be negatively affected (crops wiped out)

Question 7

What are “eugenics laws”? Describe three reasons these laws are misguided.

Answer 7

Basic purpose was to eliminate the “bad genes” from the human gene pool encourage good genes.

1. Many genes not genetically determined.
2. Many problems associated with recessive genes.
3. Mutations still occur.

Question 8

Species

Answer 8

A population of organisms potentially capable of breeding naturally among themselves & having offspring that also interbreed.

Question 9

Gene Pool

Answer 9

All the genes of all the individuals of a species.

Question 10

A measure of how common a specific allele is, compared with other alleles for the same characteristics.

Answer 10

Allele Frequency

Question 11

Exact copies of biological entities such as genes, organisms, or cells.

Answer 11

Clone

Question 12

The degree to which individuals in a population possess alternative alleles for characteristics.

Answer 12

Genetic Diversity

Question 13

The agricultural practice of planting the same varieties of a species over large expanses of land.

Answer 13

Monoculture

Question 14

Regional groups within a species that are significantly different structurally or behaviorally.

Answer 14

Subspecies