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Final Exam > Chap 9 > Flashcards

Chap 9 Flashcards

Leukocytes

1
Q

Myelopoiesis

A

the production and development of myeloid cells in the BM.

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2
Q

What is myelopoiesis also known as?

A

Granulocytopoiesis

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3
Q

What is the meaning of Granulocytopoiesis?

A

Presence of granules in the plasm of cells.

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4
Q

What are the functions of mature leukocytes?

A

Protect the host from infectious agents or pathogens.

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5
Q

What are 3 lines of granulocytes?

A

Eosinophils (EOS), Basophils(BASOS), Segmented Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PMNs).

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6
Q

What cell lines are mononuclear?

A

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

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7
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

The production of leukocytes.

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8
Q

What are the 3 cytokines that regulate neutrophil production?

A

Interleukin-3
GM-CSF
G-CSF

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9
Q

Granulocytes maturation changes?

A

Nucleoli disappear
Chromatin Condenses
Nuclear mass indents and segments
Plasm becomes granular & pinkens

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10
Q

Neutrophil granules consist of primary, 2nd, and teritary granules. Their contents are enzymes involved in?

A

Killing and digesting bacteria and fungi.

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11
Q

Neutrophil 1st stage

A

Myeloblast

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12
Q

Myeloblast characteristics are:

A

*15-20um
*Round to oval 2-5 Nucleoli, Fine
Chromatin
*Moderate baso plasm, Granules
absent but up to 20.
*NCR- 4:1
*0-3% of NCs in BM

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13
Q

After myeloblast, the next maturation stage is?

A

Promyelocyte

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14
Q

Promyelocyte characteristics are?

A

16-25um
Round to Oval, 1-3 nucleoli, fine chromatin, Perinuclear Halo (HoF)
Basophilic Plasm, Primary Grans, No 2nd grans.
NCR-3:1
1-5% NCs in BM

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15
Q

After Promyelocyte, what maturation stage?

A

Myelocyte

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16
Q

Myelocyte Characteristics are?

A

15-18um
Round to Oval, Eccentric nucleus, Chromatin loosely clumped
Plasm bluish-pink, (dawning of neutrophilia), Primary Grans, 2nd Grans begin.
NCR-2:1
6-17% NCs in BM.
Last stage where Mitosis can occur

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17
Q

After myelocyte is?

A

Metamyelocyte

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18
Q

What cell is indented(kidney-bean) purple clumped chromatin, no nucleoli, pale pink to colorless plasm W/ many 2nd grans?

A

Metamyelocyte

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19
Q

What is the incidence of Metamyelocytes?

A

3-20% NCs in BM.

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20
Q

What stage comes after metamyelocyte in the Neutrophil maturation?

A

Band

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of a band neutrophil?

A

10-15um
Elongated, narrow nucleus that has been constricted but not segmented.

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22
Q

What are the Granules in the a band neutrophil?

A

Moderate amount, specific granules(tertiary granules) are formed.

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23
Q

What is the incidence of Band Neutrophils?

A

9-32% NCs in BM and 0-5 NCs in PB.

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24
Q

What is a matured neutrophil called?

A

Segmented Neutrophil

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25
Q

Segmented Neutrophils are purpish red and have a clumped-granular chromatin, what does the nucleus look like?

A

Segmented into 2-5 distinct lobes.

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26
Q

What regulates the production of Segmented Neutrophils?

A

G-CSF

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27
Q

What is the incidence of Segmented Neutrophils?

A

3-11% NCs in BM and 50-70% NCs in PB.

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28
Q

How long does it approximately take for a myeloblast to mature to a myelocyte?

A

6 days

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29
Q

Meta to seg-neutrophil takes?

A

4-6 days

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30
Q

A circulating neutrophil in the PB is in what 2 pools?

A

Circulating Neutrophil Pool (CNP) and Marginal Neutrophil Pool (MNP)

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31
Q

How long do Neutrophils remain in the PB?

A

7-14 hrs

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32
Q

What do neutrophils do once they reach the tissue of choice?

A

Diapedesis

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33
Q

The neutrophil functions consist of?

A

Innate Immunity (Non-Specific)
Reliance on barriers
Phagocytosis
Humoral Component (Complement)

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34
Q

What are the stages of phagocytosis?

A

Stage 1: Migration and Diapedesis
Stage 2: Opsonization and recognition
Stage 3: Phagocytosis: Ingestion, Killing, and digesting.

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35
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Process of directional migration which occurs under the guidance of chemoattractants, produced by injury site.

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36
Q

Diapedesis

A

movement of neutrophils through the vessel wall into the tissue.

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37
Q

Opsonization

A

Mechanism which facilitates recognition and attachment to the organism to be ingested.

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38
Q

Neutrophils use these to catch organisms?

A

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

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39
Q

An example of a NET is?

A

Transcobalamin I or R binding protein (Vitamin B-12)

40
Q

Eosinophils function in?

A

Respond to antigenic stimulation in chronic allergies.
Interact W/ larval stages of some helminthic parasites
Regulate Immune Response

41
Q

Basophils live the longest at 60 hrs, but what do they do?

A

Grans contain histamine, which is involved in systemic allergic reactions.
Heparin
Infection control against helminths

42
Q

Mast Cells (MCs)

A

Granulocyte from myeloid stem Cell, part of immune and neuroimmune systems.

43
Q

The granules of Mast Cells contain?

A

Histamine and Heparin

44
Q

Mast Cells are involved in?

A

Wound healing, defense against pathogens, and blood-brain barrier function.

45
Q

Monopoiesis

A

production and development of monos, macros, and their precursors.

46
Q

Where are monos produced?

A

In the BM and are the largest normal cell in the PB.

47
Q

How are monos produced?

A

From GM-CSF

48
Q

Monos can differentiate into?

A

Macros in the tissues

49
Q

Monos make up what % of NCs?

A

2% NCs in BM and 2-11% NCs in PB

50
Q

What is the lifespan of Monos?

51
Q

How does tissue effect a Monos lifespan?

A

Varies the lifespan from hours to a month.

52
Q

How are monos primarily regulated?

53
Q

Monoblast

A

1st stage of Mono

54
Q

Characteristics of a monoblast are?

A

12-20um
Blue Plasm w/o grans
Nucleus Round, oval, slightly folded
Reddish purple nucleus
Chromatin fine and lacy
1-2 nucleoli
NCR-4:1

55
Q

The next stage after a monoblast is?

A

Promonocyte

56
Q

Promonocytes are?

A

Difficult to discern
12-20um
Paler gray-blue plasm
Bleb-like pseudopods
Vacuoles may be present
Nucleus has delicate chromatin
Brain-like folding
Centered
NCR-3:1 or 2:1

57
Q

A mature monocyte is after a promonocyte and has?

A

Lacelike Chromatin, Vacuoles common, and numerous fine pale red grans.

58
Q

Once a monocyte enters the tissue it becomes a?

A

Macrophage

59
Q

Macrophages are?

A

15-80um
Gray blue abundant plasm
Ragged edges
Vacuoles
Nucleus is netlike, purplish W/ finer clumped chromatin and may have nucleoli.

60
Q

Promonocyte to monocyte takes how long?

61
Q

Monos don’t have ______in the BM?

A

Storage Pool

62
Q

The storage pools of Monos is?

A

Marginal Pool-3.5x greater than circulating
Circulating Pool- 3 days before moving into tissue.

63
Q

Macrophages in loose connective tissue?

A

Histocytes

64
Q

Macrophages in the Liver?

A

Kupffer Cells

65
Q

Macrophages in the Bone?

A

Osteroclasts

66
Q

Macrophages in the nervous system?

A

Microglial Cells

67
Q

Where in the body are macrophages found?

A

Throughout the body in all organ tissues.

68
Q

The functions of monos and macros are?

A

Protect host from infectious agents or pathogens by means of innate and adaptive immunity.
Housekeeping(Phagocytosis)
Enter tissue and become macros of the “RES”.

69
Q

Lymph maturation occurs where?

A

In the BM or thymus

70
Q

Which cell is the 2nd most in #s?

A

Lymphs 18-42% in PB and 5-15% in BM

71
Q

What do Lymphs dev from?

72
Q

Which lymph makes up the most of lymph population?

A

T-Lymphs W/ 60-80% (Thymus)

73
Q

B-Lymphs make up how much of the total lymph population?

A

10-20% in the BM.

74
Q

NK Cells make up?

A

~2% in the BM or Thymus

75
Q

Lymphopoiesis

A

Production and development of Lymphs.

76
Q

Primary Lymphoid Tissues?

A

BM, Thymus, Fetal liver

77
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Tissue?

A

Lymph Node (LNs), Spleen, Peyer’s patches in intestine and mucosal tissues(Tonsils).

78
Q

What occurs in the 2nd lymphoid tissues?

A

Active immune response.

79
Q

What is the function of T-Cells?

A

Cellular immune response

80
Q

What are the 3 subsets of T-Cells?

A

Helper T-Cells
Suppressor T-Cells
Cytotoxic T-Cells

81
Q

Helper T-Cell functions?

A

Aid B-cells in AB prod
Turn on Immune Response
Effected by HIV

82
Q

Suppresor T-Cells?

A

Thermostat to shut off the system or keep it under control.

83
Q

Cytotoxic T-Cells

A

Destroy via lysis of target cells (Tumor Cells).
Role in inflammatory Response
Host defense when stimulated by interferon. (Kills virally infected cell before it can replicate).

84
Q

B-Cell Functions?

A

Humoral Response via transforming into AB-prod Plasma cells
Defense against encapsulated bacteria
Mediate hyperacute organ rejection

85
Q

Nk Cell Function?

A

Recognize and kill tumor cells
Recognize and kill cells W/ virus

86
Q

First stage of Lymphopoiesis?

A

Lymphoblast

87
Q

Lymphoblasts are?

A

Blue/scanty plasm.
No Grans
Nucleus purple W/ smooth chromatin
NCR-4:1

88
Q

After lymphoblast?

A

Prolymphocyte

89
Q

Prolymphocytes are?

A

9-18um
May have a few azurophilic grans
Nucleus will be condensed round or indented.
NCR-3:1

90
Q

What stage is after a prolymphocyte?

A

Mature Lymph

91
Q

Mature Lymphs are?
(Characteristics)

A

7-10um
Light blue plasm, W/ a few azurophilic grans.
Nucleus is dense and purple W/ clumped chromatin.

92
Q

Lymphocytic Variants have Varied appearance, that depends on?

A

The degree of activation.

93
Q

Names of the lymphocytic variants?

A

Reactive
Transformed
Variant
Atypical
Downey Cell

94
Q

What is the cause of lymphocytic variants?

A

Antigenic stimulants like viruses, post-transfustion reactions and organ transplants.

95
Q

What are the general characteristics of lymph variants?

A

Increased size-Due to DNA activity in nucleus and RNA activity in Plasm.

Enlarged monocytoid nucleus

Nuclear Chromatin Variation

1-3 Nucleoli

Abundant sometimes foamy plasm.

Gray-blue to intense blue

No grans in plasm

96
Q

What is the best way to differentiate monos from lymphs?

A

Monos have indented brain-like folded nuclei.

Final Exam (27 decks)

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