chap 8 key terms Flashcards
addition reaction
Addition reaction- A reaction in which a molecule binds to an unsaturated hydrocarbon, forming a single carbon-carbon bond. In this process two reactant molecules form one product.
alcohol
Alcohol- An organic compounds containing the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group; its name ends in ‘-ol’.
alkane
Alkane- A saturated hydrocarbon; general formula CnH2n+2
alkene
Alkene- An unsaturated hydrocarbon containing one carbon-carbon double bond; general formula CnH2n
alkyl group
Alkyl group- A group obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane; general formula CnH2n+1, e.g. methyl (-CH3)
alkyl side chain (branch)
Alkyl side chain (branch)- also known as alkyl side group. Alkyl side chains have one less hydrogen atom than the corresponding alkane of the same name, so the general formula of an alkyl side chain is -CnH2n+1
bio-derived
Bio-derived- Material that is made from plant products.
bioethanol
Bioethanol- Ethanol that is made by fermenting the sugar and starch component of plants using yeast.
boiling point
Boiling point- The temp at which the state changed from liquid to gas.
carboxyl group
Carboxyl group- A functional group made up of a carbon atom, two oxygen atoms and a hydrogen atom. One oxygen atom forms a double bond to the carbon atom and the other oxygen atom forms single bonds to both the carbon and the hydrogen atoms. Written as -COOH in condensed structural formulas.
carboxylate ion
Carboxylate ion- A negative ion created by the loss of an H+ ion from a carboxylic acid.
carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid- An organic compounds containing the carboxyl (-COOH) functional group; its name ends in ‘-oic acid’.
chemical property
Chemical property- A property which can only be measured by reacting the substance chemically, i.e. with another substance, or by heating to decompose.
combustion
Combustion- A rapid reaction with oxygen accompanied by the release of large amounts of heat; also called burning.
complete combustion
Complete combustion- A hydrocarbon undergoes complete combustion with oxygen at high temps when the only products are carbon dioxide and water.
crude oil
Crude oil- A mixture of hydrocarbons that originates from the remains of prehistoric marine microorganisms. The organisms have been broken down by high temps and pressures over millions of years.
dimer
Dimer- A molecule composed of two identical subunits that may be molecules in their own right, joined by strong intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonds.
fractional distillation
Fractional distillation- A separation methods based on the different boiling points of the components of a mixture, such as crude oil. The fractioning tower contains a series of trays holding condensed liquid, which vapour rising up the tower must bubble through to provide better separation.
functional group
Functional group- An atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule that largely determine the molecule’s properties and reactions. E.g. -OH, -COOH.
general formula
General formula- A formula for an organic compound which replaces the number of carbons with n, and relates the number of hydrogens to the value of n, and relates the number of hydrogens to the value of n. Can be applies consistently throughout a homologous series to predict chemical formulas.
haloalkane
Haloalkane-A molecule derived from alkanes that contain at least the one halogen functional group.
halogen
a group 17 element
homologous series
Homologous series- A series of compounds with similar properties and the same genera formula, in which each member contains one cH2 unit more than the previous member.
hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon- A compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only, e.g. the alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
hydroxyl group
Hydroxyl group- A functional group made up of an oxygen atom with a hydrogen atom bonded to it. Written as -OH in condensed structural formulas.
incomplete combustion
Incomplete combustion- A combustion reaction that takes place when oxygen is limited. Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons produces carbon and carbon monoxide and water.
locant
Locant- Number indicating the location of a functional group
melting point
Melting point- the temp at which the state changes from solid to liquid.
molecular formula
Molecular formula- A formula of a compound that gives the actual number and type of atoms present in a molecule. It may be the same as or different from the empirical formula.
non-renewable
Non-renewable- resources which are used up at a faster rate than they can be replaced.
organic chemistry
Organic chemistry- The study of compounds that have a hydrocarbon backbone, their properties and reactions.
organic compound
Organic compound- A compound composed of molecules based on a carbon backbone.
photpsynthesis
Photosynthesis- A reaction that occurs in the leaves of plants between carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyl, to form glucose and oxygen.
physical property
Physical property- A property which can be measured without changing the substance into another substance.
plant-sourced biomass
organic matter that has come from plants
polymer
Polymer- A long-chain molecule that is formed by the reaction of large numbers of repeating units (monomers).
renewable
Renewable- Not finite; that is, can be replenished within a reasonable time (e.g. a human lifespan).
saturated
Saturated- (i) a hydrocarbon that is composed of molecules with only carbon-carbon single bonds. (ii) combined with or containing all the solute that can normally be dissolved at a particular temp.
semi-structural formula
Semi-structural formula- A condensed formula that summarises the structural formula of a compound in a single line of text.
stem name
Stem name- The name that corresponds to the prefix for the longest chain of carbons in the molecule.
structural formula
Structural formula- A formula that represents the 3D arrangement of atoms in a molecule and shows all bonds, as well as all atoms.
structural isomer
Structural isomer- A compound with the same molecular formula, but different structures.
substitution reaction
Substitution reaction- A reaction that involves the replacement of an atom or group of atoms with another atom or group of atoms.
terminal carbon
a carbon atom that is on the end of a carbon chain
unsaturated
Unsaturated- A hydrocarbon composed of molecules with one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.
weak acid
an acid that is partly ionized in water.
