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Psychology 100 > Ch.9- Developmental Life Span > Flashcards

Ch.9- Developmental Life Span Flashcards

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1
Q

3 phases of prenatal development

A

zygote, embryo, fetus

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2
Q

zygote

A

fertilized ovum

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3
Q

germinal stage (of zygote)

A

divided mass not implanted

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4
Q

embryo (8 weeks)

A

developing organism (differentiation XX/XY, NS & organs dev)

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5
Q

teratogens

A

harmful substances that affect embryo

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6
Q

fetus (9 weeks to birth)

A

basic reflexes, pain, sound, brain dev

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7
Q

what are the 4 abilities in the neonatal period? when is it?

A

sensory abilities, mimicry, synchronicity, and reflexes; 1st month

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8
Q

mimicry

A

imitation of other people BH; role of mirror neurons

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9
Q

synchronicity

A

close coordination between gazing, vocalizing, touching, and smiling with caregivers

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10
Q

define reflexes

A

innate reflexive responses at birth serves biological platform for later development

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11
Q

name 6 reflexes present in first month post- birth

A

rooting, moro, withdrawal, babinski, grasping, stepping

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12
Q

explain these reflexes: rooting, moro, withdrawal, babinski, grasping, stepping

A

(R) turn head to suck when cheek stroked> eat
(M) startle> arms drop, legs core> protect core
(W) from temp/ pain, curl toes
(B) turn foot in & fan toes when stroked
(G) grasp things in hand> cling to CG
(S) step when feet on ground & weight supported

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13
Q

nature vs nurture

A

debate importance of heredity and environmental influences on BH & MP (now know it is both)

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14
Q

maturation

A

genetically programmed processes of growth & dev that unfold

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15
Q

genetic leash

A

constraints placed on development by heredity in comparison to the environment
(environment can acc/de-celerate rate of dev

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16
Q

when is infancy & what does the latin root mean?

A

2- 18 months; incapable of speech

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17
Q

sensitive periods

A

“window of opportunity’ for sensory stim to occur so abilities can dev (hearing, vision. lang, emo intell)

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18
Q

synaptic pruning

A

unused neuronal connections trimmed for future dev

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19
Q

motor dev…

A

stable sequence of skills for all humans

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20
Q

contact comfort

A

stimulation & reassurance derived from physical touch of caregiver

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21
Q

language (3)

A
  • ability to communicate through spoken/written words & gestures
  • communication of info by means of symbols arranged according to rules of grammar
  • combination of thoughts and feelings
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22
Q

LAD (language acquisition device)

A

a biologically organized mental brain structure that facilitates learning of language

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23
Q

psycholinguistic theory

A

lang acquisition involved nature & nurture

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24
Q

babbling

A

production of repetitive syllables in early stages of lang dev (self stimulating brain activity)

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25
Q

listening guides

A

non-rigid method for perceiving language; allows quick deduction of patterns/ rules to produce speech

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26
Q

holophrases

A

single words used to express complex meanings (woof/car)

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27
Q

telegraphic speech

A

short, simple sequences of nouns and verbs without plurals, tenses, or fxn word (ball hit evie cry)

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28
Q

overregularization

A

apply regular grammar rules to irregular verbs and nouns (hitted, foots, mouses)

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29
Q

cognitive development

A

global term for the development of thought processes from childhood through adulthood

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30
Q

stage theory (2)

A

explanation of dev that emphasizes distinctive (rather than abrupt) changes/ for cognition, theory emphasizes revolutionary changes in TP

31
Q

schemas

A

established mental patterns used to organize knowledge (from exp); building blocks of dev that form & change as we dev

32
Q

assimilation

A

a MP that incorporates new info into existing schemas

33
Q

accomodation

A

a MP that modifies schemas in order to include (accommodate) new info

34
Q

name the 4 stages of Piaget’s stages of cognitive dev (+ ages)

A

-Sensorimotor (birth-2) Preoperational (2-7) Concrete Operational (7-11) Formal Operational (12+)

35
Q

Hi! Reminder…

A

this study guide is just to get general knowledge & to have confidence in answer. the book & powerpoint notes have all the info you need. good luck! (:

36
Q

object permanence

A

recognition that objects removed from sight exist

37
Q

mental representation

A

ability to form internal images of objects and events

38
Q

Egocentrism (in preoperational stage)

A

assumption that others view the world “the same as they do”

39
Q

animistic thinking

A

belief that inanimate objects have life & MP

40
Q

centration

A

inability to take into account more than one factor at a time

41
Q

objective responsibility

A

blame is assigned based on amount of damage rather then motives (on purpose or accident)

42
Q

decentration

A

simultaneously focusing on more than one dimension of a problem; allows for flexible, reversible thought (math)

43
Q

subjective moral judgement

A

guilt is based on motives of perpetrator (accident or on purpose)

44
Q

conservation

A

understanding that physical properties of an object/ substances do not change when appearances change, but is added or taken away

45
Q

According to Piaget’s theory, what happens during the formal operational stage (age 12+)?

A

abstract thought/ introspection/ hypothetical outcomes

46
Q

theory of mind

A

awareness that other people’s BH may be influenced by beliefs, desires and emotions different from one’s own

47
Q

criticisms of Piaget’s theory

A

(note: stages not listed for terms because proven wrong)

- children’s abilities underestimated/ they dev theory of mind/ dev in “waves” not steps

48
Q

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

A

focus on how cultural rules & norms + cognitive skills (how a person thinks) is transmitted thru social interaction with prior generations

49
Q

zone or proximal dev (Vygotsky)

A

range of tasks a child can do with help from a more skilled person

50
Q

scaffolding (Vygotsky)

A

temporary teaching strategies that emphasize the role of help from others in supporting a person’s learning to do the task independently later on

51
Q

social and emotional dev

A

interplay of temperament, socialization, and parenting styles

52
Q

temperament

A

an indiv typical manner oF BH/rxn assumed to be genetic & stable over time

53
Q

socialization

A

a lifelong process of shaping a person’s BH patterns, values, skills, attitudes, and motives to conform to what is desirable in a society

54
Q

4 parenting styles

A

authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved

55
Q

authoritarian PS

A

demand conformity & obedience; little tolerance for discussion of rules; punishment/ threats use to enforce rules= withdrawn, aggressive, poor academically

56
Q

authoritative PS

A

high expectations enforced by consequences; warmth; respect child’s views (best)= well adjusted with achievement motivation

57
Q

permissive PS

A

set few rules, allow child to make own decisions; caring and communicative= less mature, emo difficulties

58
Q

uninvolved PS

A

indifference, rejecting, neglect or abuse may result= delinquency, poor grades

59
Q

attachment

A

a close emotional tie formed between one animal or person and another specific indiv

60
Q

imprinting

A

primitive form of learning in which some young animals form attachment to the first moving object seen/ heard post birth

61
Q

The “Strange Situation” uses ___ & ___ to observe ____

A

separation & reunion; attachment styles

62
Q

what are the 4 attachment styles?

A

secure/ insecure: avoidant/ insecure: ambivalent/ resistant/ insecure: disorganized

63
Q

What did Kohlberg’s Theory of moral dev focus on?

A

persons moral thinking/ reasoning behind moral problem rather then actual BH

64
Q

Preconventional level (Kohlberg)

A

morality of self interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

65
Q

conventional level (Kohlberg)

A

morality of law & social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval

66
Q

postconventional level (Kohlberg)

A

morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed- upon rights and personal ethical principles

67
Q

imaginary audience (adolescent dev: age 13-17)

A

belief that other people are also concerned with the same personal thoughts/ BH

68
Q

personal fable (adolescent dev: age 13-17)

A

belief that feeling and ideas are special/ unique; self is invulnerable

69
Q

Emerging adulthood (18-25) age of…

A

identity (choices in love/ career) instability (partners, jobs, housing) self focus (free to make decisions/ more resources) feeling in-between (haven’t obtained all adult aspects- $ stability) possibilities (optimistic about future/ revolving door)

70
Q

generativity (in middle adulthood: age 40-65)

A

make a commitment beyond oneself

71
Q

sandwich generation (in middle adulthood: age 40-65)

A

responsible for meeting needs of both parents & children; stressful

72
Q

selective optimization with compensation (in late adulthood: age 65+)

A

reshape one’s life to concentrate on what one finds to be important and meaningful; focus on what matters most; includes selective social interation

73
Q

selective social interaction (in late adulthood: age 65+)

A

restrict number of social contacts to those most gratifying

Psychology 100 (13 decks)

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