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Psychology 100 > Ch.9- Developmental Life Span > Flashcards

Ch.9- Developmental Life Span Flashcards

1
Q

3 phases of prenatal development

A

zygote, embryo, fetus

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2
Q

zygote

A

fertilized ovum

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3
Q

germinal stage (of zygote)

A

divided mass not implanted

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4
Q

embryo (8 weeks)

A

developing organism (differentiation XX/XY, NS & organs dev)

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5
Q

teratogens

A

harmful substances that affect embryo

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6
Q

fetus (9 weeks to birth)

A

basic reflexes, pain, sound, brain dev

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7
Q

what are the 4 abilities in the neonatal period? when is it?

A

sensory abilities, mimicry, synchronicity, and reflexes; 1st month

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8
Q

mimicry

A

imitation of other people BH; role of mirror neurons

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9
Q

synchronicity

A

close coordination between gazing, vocalizing, touching, and smiling with caregivers

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10
Q

define reflexes

A

innate reflexive responses at birth serves biological platform for later development

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11
Q

name 6 reflexes present in first month post- birth

A

rooting, moro, withdrawal, babinski, grasping, stepping

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12
Q

explain these reflexes: rooting, moro, withdrawal, babinski, grasping, stepping

A

(R) turn head to suck when cheek stroked> eat
(M) startle> arms drop, legs core> protect core
(W) from temp/ pain, curl toes
(B) turn foot in & fan toes when stroked
(G) grasp things in hand> cling to CG
(S) step when feet on ground & weight supported

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13
Q

nature vs nurture

A

debate importance of heredity and environmental influences on BH & MP (now know it is both)

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14
Q

maturation

A

genetically programmed processes of growth & dev that unfold

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15
Q

genetic leash

A

constraints placed on development by heredity in comparison to the environment
(environment can acc/de-celerate rate of dev

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16
Q

when is infancy & what does the latin root mean?

A

2- 18 months; incapable of speech

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17
Q

sensitive periods

A

“window of opportunity’ for sensory stim to occur so abilities can dev (hearing, vision. lang, emo intell)

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18
Q

synaptic pruning

A

unused neuronal connections trimmed for future dev

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19
Q

motor dev…

A

stable sequence of skills for all humans

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20
Q

contact comfort

A

stimulation & reassurance derived from physical touch of caregiver

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21
Q

language (3)

A
  • ability to communicate through spoken/written words & gestures
  • communication of info by means of symbols arranged according to rules of grammar
  • combination of thoughts and feelings
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22
Q

LAD (language acquisition device)

A

a biologically organized mental brain structure that facilitates learning of language

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23
Q

psycholinguistic theory

A

lang acquisition involved nature & nurture

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24
Q

babbling

A

production of repetitive syllables in early stages of lang dev (self stimulating brain activity)

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25
listening guides
non-rigid method for perceiving language; allows quick deduction of patterns/ rules to produce speech
26
holophrases
single words used to express complex meanings (woof/car)
27
telegraphic speech
short, simple sequences of nouns and verbs without plurals, tenses, or fxn word (ball hit evie cry)
28
overregularization
apply regular grammar rules to irregular verbs and nouns (hitted, foots, mouses)
29
cognitive development
global term for the development of thought processes from childhood through adulthood
30
stage theory (2)
explanation of dev that emphasizes distinctive (rather than abrupt) changes/ for cognition, theory emphasizes revolutionary changes in TP
31
schemas
established mental patterns used to organize knowledge (from exp); building blocks of dev that form & change as we dev
32
assimilation
a MP that incorporates new info into existing schemas
33
accomodation
a MP that modifies schemas in order to include (accommodate) new info
34
name the 4 stages of Piaget's stages of cognitive dev (+ ages)
-Sensorimotor (birth-2) Preoperational (2-7) Concrete Operational (7-11) Formal Operational (12+)
35
Hi! Reminder...
this study guide is just to get general knowledge & to have confidence in answer. the book & powerpoint notes have all the info you need. good luck! (:
36
object permanence
recognition that objects removed from sight exist
37
mental representation
ability to form internal images of objects and events
38
Egocentrism (in preoperational stage)
assumption that others view the world "the same as they do"
39
animistic thinking
belief that inanimate objects have life & MP
40
centration
inability to take into account more than one factor at a time
41
objective responsibility
blame is assigned based on amount of damage rather then motives (on purpose or accident)
42
decentration
simultaneously focusing on more than one dimension of a problem; allows for flexible, reversible thought (math)
43
subjective moral judgement
guilt is based on motives of perpetrator (accident or on purpose)
44
conservation
understanding that physical properties of an object/ substances do not change when appearances change, but is added or taken away
45
According to Piaget's theory, what happens during the formal operational stage (age 12+)?
abstract thought/ introspection/ hypothetical outcomes
46
theory of mind
awareness that other people's BH may be influenced by beliefs, desires and emotions different from one's own
47
criticisms of Piaget's theory
(note: stages not listed for terms because proven wrong) | - children's abilities underestimated/ they dev theory of mind/ dev in "waves" not steps
48
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
focus on how cultural rules & norms + cognitive skills (how a person thinks) is transmitted thru social interaction with prior generations
49
zone or proximal dev (Vygotsky)
range of tasks a child can do with help from a more skilled person
50
scaffolding (Vygotsky)
temporary teaching strategies that emphasize the role of help from others in supporting a person's learning to do the task independently later on
51
social and emotional dev
interplay of temperament, socialization, and parenting styles
52
temperament
an indiv typical manner oF BH/rxn assumed to be genetic & stable over time
53
socialization
a lifelong process of shaping a person's BH patterns, values, skills, attitudes, and motives to conform to what is desirable in a society
54
4 parenting styles
authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved
55
authoritarian PS
demand conformity & obedience; little tolerance for discussion of rules; punishment/ threats use to enforce rules= withdrawn, aggressive, poor academically
56
authoritative PS
high expectations enforced by consequences; warmth; respect child's views (best)= well adjusted with achievement motivation
57
permissive PS
set few rules, allow child to make own decisions; caring and communicative= less mature, emo difficulties
58
uninvolved PS
indifference, rejecting, neglect or abuse may result= delinquency, poor grades
59
attachment
a close emotional tie formed between one animal or person and another specific indiv
60
imprinting
primitive form of learning in which some young animals form attachment to the first moving object seen/ heard post birth
61
The "Strange Situation" uses ___ & ___ to observe ____
separation & reunion; attachment styles
62
what are the 4 attachment styles?
secure/ insecure: avoidant/ insecure: ambivalent/ resistant/ insecure: disorganized
63
What did Kohlberg's Theory of moral dev focus on?
persons moral thinking/ reasoning behind moral problem rather then actual BH
64
Preconventional level (Kohlberg)
morality of self interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards
65
conventional level (Kohlberg)
morality of law & social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval
66
postconventional level (Kohlberg)
morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed- upon rights and personal ethical principles
67
imaginary audience (adolescent dev: age 13-17)
belief that other people are also concerned with the same personal thoughts/ BH
68
personal fable (adolescent dev: age 13-17)
belief that feeling and ideas are special/ unique; self is invulnerable
69
Emerging adulthood (18-25) age of...
identity (choices in love/ career) instability (partners, jobs, housing) self focus (free to make decisions/ more resources) feeling in-between (haven't obtained all adult aspects- $ stability) possibilities (optimistic about future/ revolving door)
70
generativity (in middle adulthood: age 40-65)
make a commitment beyond oneself
71
sandwich generation (in middle adulthood: age 40-65)
responsible for meeting needs of both parents & children; stressful
72
selective optimization with compensation (in late adulthood: age 65+)
reshape one's life to concentrate on what one finds to be important and meaningful; focus on what matters most; includes selective social interation
73
selective social interaction (in late adulthood: age 65+)
restrict number of social contacts to those most gratifying

Psychology 100 (13 decks)

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