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Psychology 100 > CH.6- Memory > Flashcards

CH.6- Memory Flashcards

1
Q

info processing model

A

a cognitive system that works constructively to: encode, store & retrieve information

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2
Q

what are the 3 steps of information processing?

A

encoding, storage & retrieval

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3
Q

encoding

A

perceiving and modifying info to place in memory; selective and requires attention

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4
Q

codes: visual, acoustic & semantic stores by..

A

(v) mental pic (a) phonological loop/ sub-vocally rehearsed (s) meaning

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5
Q

3 stages of memory formation

A

sensory, short term, long term

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6
Q

what is another word for STM

A

working memory

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7
Q

sensory memory: __ stage of memory, save __ info, needs ___, lasts __sec, stores ___ items, operates at ___ level

A

1st, sensory stim, attention, 1/4-few sec, 12-16 item, unconscious

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8
Q

register for: visual stim, encoded auditory stim & photographic memory

A

(v) iconic mem (a) echoic mem (p) eidetic imagery

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9
Q

STM is the __stage of memory, provides __ storage of stimuli. it’s a mental workspace to __ & ___

A

2nd stage, temporary, sort & encode

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10
Q

miller’s law say we can hold to items for __ sec

A

5-9 items, 20 sec ( unless repeated rehearsed)

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11
Q

chunking

A

organizing pieces of info into smaller number of meaningful units or chunks; frees up space in STM

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12
Q

serial position effect

A

tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series (diminished memory for middle portion)

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13
Q

primacy effect

A

recall early. first words

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14
Q

recency effect

A

recall last/ most recent words

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15
Q

rehearsal def (methods of memorization) 2 types?

A

maintaining info over time (put into storage) maintenance & elaborative

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16
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

mental repetition of info to keep in memory

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17
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

new info related to known info (better than maintenance)

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18
Q

LTm is the __ stage of memory & is capable of __ storage. it has __ storage capacity & duartion

A

3rd stage of memory, permanent, ulimited

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19
Q

2 division of LTM

A

procedural & declarative

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20
Q

procedural memory

A

to store mental directions/ procedures for well-practiced skills (things we know how to do)

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21
Q

declarative memory def, stores_(3)__, needs ___, & 2 subdivisions

A

info you can describe/ stores facts, events & impressions, need conscious mental effort; episodic & semantic memories

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22
Q

episodic memory

A

memory of events in life/ when, where & context of events/ autobiographical memory

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23
Q

semantic memory

A

basic meaning of words or concepts

24
Q

explicit memory is aka as __, it uses __ to form memory & can be____

A

declarative memory, attention, consciously recalled

25
implicit memory is aka ___, it is an ___ or ___ process which includes ___ memory
non-declarative memory, automatic or unconscious process; procedural
26
schemas def. helps to __ but can provide _ _ _
way way of mentally representing the world that influences perceptions; helps organize info; opportunity for erroe
27
childhood amnesia def & aka
inability to remember events for first 2-3 years of life; infantile amnesia
28
childhood amnesia caused by (3)
lack of: language skills, sense of self & complex schemas
29
flashbulb memories
clear & vivid LTM of meaningful or emotional events
30
prospective memory
involves remembering to perform tasks or actions in the future
31
biology of memory includes (5) + (2)
cerebral cortex, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala & thalamus + sex hormones & NT
32
LTP (long-term potentiation) informal def
practice of a skill lead serotonin to create stronger connections in the brain which leads to stronger, faster neural processing of a task
33
amnesia
memory loss usually due to trauma
34
anterograde amnesia
failure to remember events AFTER trauma (inability to form new memories)
35
retrograde amnesia
failure to remember events BEFORE or prior to trauma
36
context-dependent memrory
improved recall of information when context is the same for encoding & retrieval (place/environment)
37
state-dependent memory & examples
improved recall of information during the same state of consciousness (physiological state) for encoding & retrieval ex) caffeine, alcohol, ritalin, pain
38
retrieval cues
stimuli (environment or spoken by another person) is used to bring a memory to consciousness or to cue a behavior
39
priming. what kind of memory can be retrieved through priming?
using a cue to stimulate a memory without awareness of the connection between cue and retrieved memory; implicit memory
40
successful retrieval dependent on retrieval cue & explicit memory by: meaningful organization
the gist of into is stored, not exact info
41
successful retrieval dependent on retrieval cue & explicit memory by: recall cues
retrieving info from memory with minimal retrieval cues
42
successful retrieval dependent on retrieval cue & explicit memory by: recognition cues
retrieving info from memory using a stimuli previously experience
43
encoding specificity principle
the more closely retrieval cues match the form in which the info was encoded, the better the info is remembered
44
tip of the tongue phenomenon
inability to recall a work or info while knowing its in memory
45
why does tip of the tongue phenomenon occur? (3)
inadequate context cues, weak match between retrieval cues and encoding word into LT, interference from another memory blocks access
46
transience
fading memories cause forgetting, impermanence of LTM (fade in strength over time)
47
according to Ebbinghauser __ is the key to memorization & __x is the magic number
repetition, 5x
48
interference theory def & 2 types
forgetfulness of stored materials occurs because learning interferes with memory formation; proactive & retroactive
49
proactive interference
previous info blocks new
50
retroactive interference
new info blocks retrieval of old info
51
3 common caused of interference
similar materials, meaningless vs meaningful, emotions
52
absent mindedness
lapses of attention causes forgetting; due to retention failure caused by attention shifts
53
source amnesia def & aka ___
memory fault that occurs when memories are retained but associated with wrong time, place or person; misattribution
54
suggestibility def. occurs ____ of awareness thorough
process of memory distortion/ creation due to deliberate or inadvertent suggestions; outside; stories. photos, leading questions, passage of time, repeated retrieval, age of witness, unwarranted confidence
55
experiment on fabricated memories done be __ ala __ or ___ memories. experiment name?
Loftus; false or repressed memories; lost in the mall

Psychology 100 (13 decks)

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