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Psychology 100 > CH.6- Memory > Flashcards

CH.6- Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

info processing model

A

a cognitive system that works constructively to: encode, store & retrieve information

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2
Q

what are the 3 steps of information processing?

A

encoding, storage & retrieval

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3
Q

encoding

A

perceiving and modifying info to place in memory; selective and requires attention

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4
Q

codes: visual, acoustic & semantic stores by..

A

(v) mental pic (a) phonological loop/ sub-vocally rehearsed (s) meaning

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5
Q

3 stages of memory formation

A

sensory, short term, long term

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6
Q

what is another word for STM

A

working memory

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7
Q

sensory memory: __ stage of memory, save __ info, needs ___, lasts __sec, stores ___ items, operates at ___ level

A

1st, sensory stim, attention, 1/4-few sec, 12-16 item, unconscious

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8
Q

register for: visual stim, encoded auditory stim & photographic memory

A

(v) iconic mem (a) echoic mem (p) eidetic imagery

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9
Q

STM is the __stage of memory, provides __ storage of stimuli. it’s a mental workspace to __ & ___

A

2nd stage, temporary, sort & encode

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10
Q

miller’s law say we can hold to items for __ sec

A

5-9 items, 20 sec ( unless repeated rehearsed)

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11
Q

chunking

A

organizing pieces of info into smaller number of meaningful units or chunks; frees up space in STM

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12
Q

serial position effect

A

tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series (diminished memory for middle portion)

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13
Q

primacy effect

A

recall early. first words

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14
Q

recency effect

A

recall last/ most recent words

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15
Q

rehearsal def (methods of memorization) 2 types?

A

maintaining info over time (put into storage) maintenance & elaborative

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16
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

mental repetition of info to keep in memory

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17
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

new info related to known info (better than maintenance)

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18
Q

LTm is the __ stage of memory & is capable of __ storage. it has __ storage capacity & duartion

A

3rd stage of memory, permanent, ulimited

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19
Q

2 division of LTM

A

procedural & declarative

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20
Q

procedural memory

A

to store mental directions/ procedures for well-practiced skills (things we know how to do)

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21
Q

declarative memory def, stores_(3)__, needs ___, & 2 subdivisions

A

info you can describe/ stores facts, events & impressions, need conscious mental effort; episodic & semantic memories

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22
Q

episodic memory

A

memory of events in life/ when, where & context of events/ autobiographical memory

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23
Q

semantic memory

A

basic meaning of words or concepts

24
Q

explicit memory is aka as __, it uses __ to form memory & can be____

A

declarative memory, attention, consciously recalled

25
Q

implicit memory is aka ___, it is an ___ or ___ process which includes ___ memory

A

non-declarative memory, automatic or unconscious process; procedural

26
Q

schemas def. helps to __ but can provide _ _ _

A

way way of mentally representing the world that influences perceptions; helps organize info; opportunity for erroe

27
Q

childhood amnesia def & aka

A

inability to remember events for first 2-3 years of life; infantile amnesia

28
Q

childhood amnesia caused by (3)

A

lack of: language skills, sense of self & complex schemas

29
Q

flashbulb memories

A

clear & vivid LTM of meaningful or emotional events

30
Q

prospective memory

A

involves remembering to perform tasks or actions in the future

31
Q

biology of memory includes (5) + (2)

A

cerebral cortex, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala & thalamus + sex hormones & NT

32
Q

LTP (long-term potentiation) informal def

A

practice of a skill lead serotonin to create stronger connections in the brain which leads to stronger, faster neural processing of a task

33
Q

amnesia

A

memory loss usually due to trauma

34
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

failure to remember events AFTER trauma (inability to form new memories)

35
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

failure to remember events BEFORE or prior to trauma

36
Q

context-dependent memrory

A

improved recall of information when context is the same for encoding & retrieval (place/environment)

37
Q

state-dependent memory & examples

A

improved recall of information during the same state of consciousness (physiological state) for encoding & retrieval ex) caffeine, alcohol, ritalin, pain

38
Q

retrieval cues

A

stimuli (environment or spoken by another person) is used to bring a memory to consciousness or to cue a behavior

39
Q

priming. what kind of memory can be retrieved through priming?

A

using a cue to stimulate a memory without awareness of the connection between cue and retrieved memory; implicit memory

40
Q

successful retrieval dependent on retrieval cue & explicit memory by: meaningful organization

A

the gist of into is stored, not exact info

41
Q

successful retrieval dependent on retrieval cue & explicit memory by: recall cues

A

retrieving info from memory with minimal retrieval cues

42
Q

successful retrieval dependent on retrieval cue & explicit memory by: recognition cues

A

retrieving info from memory using a stimuli previously experience

43
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

the more closely retrieval cues match the form in which the info was encoded, the better the info is remembered

44
Q

tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

inability to recall a work or info while knowing its in memory

45
Q

why does tip of the tongue phenomenon occur? (3)

A

inadequate context cues, weak match between retrieval cues and encoding word into LT, interference from another memory blocks access

46
Q

transience

A

fading memories cause forgetting, impermanence of LTM (fade in strength over time)

47
Q

according to Ebbinghauser __ is the key to memorization & __x is the magic number

A

repetition, 5x

48
Q

interference theory def & 2 types

A

forgetfulness of stored materials occurs because learning interferes with memory formation; proactive & retroactive

49
Q

proactive interference

A

previous info blocks new

50
Q

retroactive interference

A

new info blocks retrieval of old info

51
Q

3 common caused of interference

A

similar materials, meaningless vs meaningful, emotions

52
Q

absent mindedness

A

lapses of attention causes forgetting; due to retention failure caused by attention shifts

53
Q

source amnesia def & aka ___

A

memory fault that occurs when memories are retained but associated with wrong time, place or person; misattribution

54
Q

suggestibility def. occurs ____ of awareness thorough

A

process of memory distortion/ creation due to deliberate or inadvertent suggestions; outside; stories. photos, leading questions, passage of time, repeated retrieval, age of witness, unwarranted confidence

55
Q

experiment on fabricated memories done be __ ala __ or ___ memories. experiment name?

A

Loftus; false or repressed memories; lost in the mall

Psychology 100 (13 decks)

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