Ch.5- Learning

Question 1

learning is relatively permanent changes in ____ from experience, according to behavioralist AND cognitive theorists? (2 answers)

Answer 1

(BH) behavior

(CT) the way they represent the environment

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

A simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with other stimulus

Question 3

reflex

Answer 3

A simple unlearned response to a stimulus

Question 4

An environmental condition that elicits a response

Answer 4

stimulus

Question 5

UCS

Answer 5

A stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning

Question 6

UCR

Answer 6

An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

An unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus

Answer 7

orienting reflex

Question 8

CS

Answer 8

A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response b/c it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response

Question 9

CR

Answer 9

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 10

extinction

Answer 10

A process by which stimulus lose their ability to evoke learned responses b/c the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur; the learned responses are said to be extinguished

Question 11

spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time

Question 12

generalization

Answer 12

In conditioning, the tendency for a CR (conditioned response) to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned

Question 13

discrimination

Answer 13

In conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish b/w a conditioned stimulus (CS) and similar stimuli that do not forecast a UCS (unconditional stimulus)

Question 14

higher order conditioning

Answer 14

A classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a CS (conditioned stimulus) by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus (CS paired with neutral stimulus= response)

Question 15

Readiness to acquire a certain kind of CR (conditioned response) due to the biological makeup of the organism (heights, snakes, thunder, dark, sharp objects)

Answer 15

biological readiness

Question 16

A fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimulus are associated with fear-evoking stimulus so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities

Answer 16

counter conditioning

Question 17

flooding

Answer 17

A behavioral fear-reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning; fear-evoking stimuli (CS) are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses (CR) are extinguished

Question 18

systematic desensitization

Answer 18

A behavioral fear-reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed

Question 19

classical vs operant

Answer 19

Classical- how anticipations are formed about environments

Operant- what we do about them

Question 20

Law of effect

Answer 20

Thorndike’s view that pleasant events stamp in responses (escaping & eating=likely), and unpleasant events stamp them out (punishment=unlikely)

Question 21

reinforced

Answer 21

To follow a response with stimulus that increases the frequency of the response

Question 22

operant BH/ operant

Answer 22

Behavior that operates on, or manipulates, the environment

Question 23

operant conditioning

Answer 23

A simple for of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior b/c it is reinforced

Question 24

positive reinforcer

Answer 24

A reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of an operant

Question 25

negative reinforcer

Answer 25

A reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency an of operant

Question 26

primary reinforcers

Answer 26

An unlearned reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological makeup of the organism and not on learning (+ food, water, warmth - pain)

Question 27

secondary reinforcers

Answer 27

A stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers

Question 28

positive punishment

Answer 28

Presence of aversive stimulus to decrease unwanted behavior (scolding/ ticket)

Question 29

negative punishment

Answer 29

removal of unpleasant stimulus (timeout= can’t experience rewards)

Question 30

continuous reinforcement

Answer 30

A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced

Question 31

partial reinforcement

Answer 31

One of several reinforcement schedules in which responses are reinforced intermittently (gambling)

Question 32

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 32

A schedule in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available (check email @ usually sent)

Question 33

Variable-interval schedule

Answer 33

A schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse b/w the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available

Question 34

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 34

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses (uniform high rate then pause)

Question 35

Variable-ratio schedule

Answer 35

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses (gambling= high response rate)

Question 36

shaping

Answer 36

A procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior

Question 37

cognitive map

Answer 37

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

Question 38

latent learning

Answer 38

Learning that is hidden or concealed

Question 39

contingency theory

Answer 39

The view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli (shocks & tones paired consist & Intermittently)

Question 40

mirror neurons

Answer 40

Neurons that fire when an animal observes the behavior of another animals and that behavior stimulates imitative behavior in the first animal (babies, yawn, laugh)

Question 41

observational learning/ vicarious learning

Answer 41

The acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others (who are called models) rather than by means or direct experience

Question 42

model

Answer 42

An organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism