CH.7- Thinking, Language & Intelligence

Question 1

concept

Answer 1

mental groupings of similar objects, ideas, or experiences

Question 2

natural concept

Answer 2

defined by experience

Question 3

prototype

Answer 3

ideal or most representative example of categorical category

Question 4

aritificial concept

Answer 4

defined by set of rules

Question 5

algorithm

Answer 5

• special, systematic procedures or formulas that guarantee an outcome is applied correctly
• formulas or procedures that help solves problems, for which all necessary info is available

Question 6

heuristics (definition)

Answer 6

• a repertoire of more intuitive, but less precise strategies
• basic rules of thumb that help with confusing situations
• help with direction, no guaranteed solution

Question 7

3 types of heuristic strategies

Answer 7

• means end analysis (working backward)
• searching for analogies
• break problem into small parts

Question 8

means-end analysis (or working backward)

Answer 8

use when goal is clearly known (maze, math, crime scene, lost while driving)

Question 9

searching for analogies

Answer 9

recognize the similarity (analogy) between new problem and a similar old problem previously learns (using snow tires)

Question 10

break problem into smaller parts

Answer 10

ex) writing 30 page paper> draft, thesis, main, conclusion, revise/ edit

Question 11

mental set

Answer 11

tendency to respond to a new problem using method that was used successfully before

Question 12

incubation

Answer 12

put distance between problem and unsuccessful methods (take time)

Question 13

functional fixedness

Answer 13

inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose; type of mental set; getting “stuck’

Question 14

factors that affect problem solving (2+)

Answer 14

expertise (dual process, faster, efficient) self imposed limitations (i cant, not TOTB) + lack of knowledge, interest, motivation, self esteem, fatigue, substances, stress

Question 15

confirmation bias

Answer 15

search for into the confirms beliefs (not contradictions)

Question 16

hindsight bias (i knew it all along phenomenon)

Answer 16

overestimate ability to have predicted an event once outcome is known (overconfidence, ignoring contrary evidence)

Question 17

representative bias

Answer 17

faulty heuristic strategy based on the presumption that once people/ events are categorized, they share features of other members in that category

Question 18

base rate info

Answer 18

probability of occurrence (ignored in rep bias)

Question 19

availability bias

Answer 19

faulty heuristic strategy estimates probabilities based on availability of vivid mental images of event (plane crash)

Question 20

anchoring & adjustment bias

Answer 20

faulty heuristic strategy by a first estimate or presumption that serves as an anchor; with + info, adjustments are made but the estimate remains in the proximity of the anchor

Question 21

tyranny of choice

Answer 21

impaired decision making when overwhelmed by number of choices

Question 22

creativity

Answer 22

mental process that produces novel responses that contribute to solutions of problems

Question 23

divergent thinking

Answer 23

attempts to generate multiple solutions to problems

Question 24

S & G factor (spearman)

Answer 24

Specific & General (intelligence)

Question 25

fluid intelligence

Answer 25

ability to see complex relationships and solve problems (involves algorithms and heuristics)

Question 26

crystallized intelligence

Answer 26

knowledge acquired & ability to access

Question 27

Gardner proposed..

Answer 27

theory of multiple intelligences (8)

Question 28

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Sternberg)

Answer 28

analytical (academic), practical (street smart), creative, wisdom= CAP W

Question 29

IQ=

Answer 29

mental age/ chronological age X100