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Psychology 100 > Ch.3- Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Ch.3- Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sensation?

A

stimulation of sensory receptors by stimuli and converted into neural messages by brain and transmitted to central nervous system

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2
Q

what is synesthesia?

A

mixing of sensations across sensory modalities

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3
Q

what is perception?

A

mental processes that organize and assigns meaning into incoming sensory patterns

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4
Q

what does transduction do?

A

changes stimulus into sensation; converts stimuli into neural impulses (language that brain uses) like a translator

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5
Q

absolute threshold

A

lowest level of energy or stimulation to produce a sensation

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6
Q

subliminal stimulation

A

sensory stimulation below the absolute threshold

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7
Q

difference threshold & just noticeable difference

A

smallest amount by which a stimulus can be changed for the difference to be detected half the time (DIFF= 2 source, JND= 1 source)

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8
Q

what is Webers law?

A

the size of the JND is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus (JND large is stimulus has high intensity & visa versa)

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9
Q

what is signal detection theory?

A

the likelihood that a signal will be detected (dependent on physical, biological and psychological factors such as fatigue, sharpness of hearing, background noise, motivation to detect, etc)

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10
Q

what is sensory adaptaion?

A

becoming more sensitive to low magnitude stimuli and less sensitive to constant stimuli

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11
Q

negative sensory adaption/ desensitization example

A

jump into cold pool and water gets warmer

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12
Q

what is positive sensory adaptation/ sensitization example

A

get scared when doorbell rings because you are “used to” or more sensitive to low magnitude stimulus (of quiet)

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13
Q

what does the wavelength of light affect? amplitude? purity?

A

color, brightness, saturation

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14
Q

what changes in thickness to focus images on retina?

A

lens

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15
Q

what are the 4 steps in processing light stimuli?

A

1) light enters eye thru pupil 2) lens focuses light via the iris 3) lens forms image on back of retina (upsidedown and flipped) 4) brain makes sense of neural impulse from image on retina

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16
Q

what are photoreceptors? and 2 kinds

A

cells that respond to light. rods & cones

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17
Q

of rods & cones, which process light and which black and white/

A 
Cones= color
rods= "black and white"
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18
Q

what is dark adaptation? example?

A

process of adjusting to low light, movie theatres

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19
Q

where is the blind spot located (on the eye itself)?

A

where optic nerves exits each eye

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20
Q

where is vision the sharpest (on the eye) and why?

A

on the fovea at the center of the retina, packed with photoreceptors

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21
Q

what is hue, value, and saturation?

A 
hue= color
value= degree of brightness or darkness (black, gray, white)
saturation= intensity of color
22
Q

what are complimentary colors and what happens when you mix them? (NOT pigments)

A

colors on opposite sides of color wheel, produce gray

23
Q

when you mix all visible colors/ lights, what color is produced? what kind of process is it?

A

white= pure light, additive b/c adding lights

24
Q

when you mix all color pigments, what color is produced? what kind of process is it?

A

pigments mixed create black, subtractive process
(pigments selectively reflect certain colors, so mixing a bunch of pigments that only reflect certain colors, start to cancel each other out and black is produced)

25
Q

According to Trichromatic Theory, the retina has 3 types of cones that are sensitive to what colors?

A

red, green, and blue (RGB)

26
Q

According to Opponent Process Theory, 3 types of color receptor respond to what colors?

A

blue-yellow, red-green, and differences in brightness

Punahou colors, Christmas & brightness

27
Q

what is an afterimage (loosely)?

A

you see the complementary color when the original color is removed

28
Q

what kind of vision do Trichromats, Monochromats, and Dichromats have?

A 
Tri= color vision
mono= color blind (only see variations in brightness aka "black and white")
di= partially color blind (only see some colors)
29
Q

what is a percept?

A

an image associated with memories of events, concepts, emotions, and motives. meaningful product of perception

30
Q

neurons in visual pathway extract and respond to different aspect of features (lines, color, texture, pitch, loudness)

A

feature detectors (not to be confused with signal detection theory- “ability to perceive sensation”- sort of)

31
Q

concept in the mind or contextual info guide perception (ends in sensory system)

A

Top-Down Processing

32
Q

stimulus traits (parts of a pattern) influence perceptions (ends in brain processing)

A

Bottom-Up processing

33
Q

ability to recognize the same object as remaining “constant” under different conditions

A

perceptual constancy

34
Q

experienced when the mind deceives you in interpreting a stimulus pattern incorrectly

A

illusion

35
Q

learning influences on perception, including expectations, context and culture

A

Learning- based inference (NURTURE)

36
Q

what is figure and ground?

A 
figure= what you pay attention to
ground= what you don't notice
37
Q

tendency to perceive a complete figure even though there are gaps in sensory input

A

closure

38
Q

laws of perceptual grouping (6)

A

proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, connectedness, common fate

39
Q

Law of Pragnanz? Aka…

A

perceive the simplest possible pattern or the percept requiring the least amount of mental effort
(aka: minimum principle of perception)

40
Q

what does frequency determine and how it it expressed? (__ per___ or ____)

A

pitch, cycles per sec, Hertz

41
Q

what does amplitude determine and how is it expressed?

A

loudness, decibels

42
Q

Kinesthesis sense

A

body position and movement of body

43
Q

Vestibular sense

A

position relative to gravity, posture, and motion changes

44
Q

what do chemical senses rely on? and what are the 2?

A

sample molecules of substances; taste and smell

45
Q

what is your sense of smell called? what do odors produce?

A

olfaction; flavor comes from odors (when you can’t smell you can’t taste)

46
Q

why are smells associated with memory?

A

olfactory bulbs are close to and communicate directly with limbic system (emotions) and temporal lobes (memory consolidation)

47
Q

what is sense of taste called? what are the 5 main tastes?

A

gustation. sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami (savory protein rich foods like meat, seafood, cheese, MSG)

48
Q

what are the different sensory receptors of the skin and where are they?

A
  • touch/ pressure= surface of skin
  • temperature= beneath the skin
  • pain= in the skin & brain
49
Q

inhibits transmission of incoming pain messages to the spinal cord? Top- Down or bottom up?

A

Gate-Control Theory; top-down (influenced by brain and ends in sensation)

50
Q

perception of objects or events thru means other than the recognized sensory organs

A

ESP (extra-sensory perception)

Psychology 100 (13 decks)

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