ch.9 Flashcards
Erythrocyte (red blood cell)
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
Thrombocyte (platelet)
Responsible for blood clotting
Leukocyte (white blood cell)
Provides body’s main defense against invasion of pathogens
Neutrophil
Protects against infection, especially by bacteria; is readily attracted to foreign antigens and destroys them by phagocytosis (engulfing and eating of particulate substances)
Eosinophil
Destroys parasitic organisms; plays a key role in allergic reactions
Basophil
Plays a role in releasing histamine and other chemicals that act on blood vessels; essential to nonspecific immune response to inflammation
Monocyte
Provides one of the first lines of defense in the inflammatory process, phagocytosis
Lymphocyte
Acts to recognize antigens, produce antibodies, and destroy foreign invaders
immunity
is the state of being immune to or protected from a disease, especially an infectious disease
passive immunity
is acquired through transfer of antibodies or activated T cells from an immune host and is short lived, usually lasting only a few months
active immunity
is induced in the host itself by an antigen and lasts much longer, sometimes lifelong
humoral immunity
is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies
cell-mediated immunity
protection provided involves T lymphocytes alone
antibodies
developed in response to a specific antigen. An antibody is also referred to as an immunoglobulin; it is a complex glycoprotein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of an antigen. Antibodies neutralize or destroy antigens
T cells (thymus-dependent)
provide cellular immunity
B cells (bone marrow–derived)
provide humoral immunity
NK cells (natural killer)
Attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells
aden/o
gland
all/o
other
anis/o
unequal
calc/o
lime, calcium
coagul/o
clots, to clot
cyt/o
cell
erythr/o
red
fibr/o
fiber, fibrous tissue
fibrin/o
fiber
fus/o
to pour
globul/o
globe
glyc/o
sweet, sugar
granul/o
little grain, granular
hem/o
blood
hemat/o
blood
immun/o
immunity
leuk/o
white
lipid/o
fat
lymph/o
lymph
macr/o
large
phag/o
eat, engulf
plasm/o
plasma
reticul/o
net
septic/o
putrefying
sider/o
iron
splen/o
spleen
thromb/o
clot
thym/o
thymus
tonsill/o
tonsil
vas/o
vessel
vascul/o
small vessel
agglutinat
clumping
creatin
creatine
log
study
nucle
kernel, nucleus
plast
developing
poiet
formation
thalass
sea
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
AIDS is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is transmitted through sexual contact, exposure to infected blood or blood components, and perinatally from mother to newborn. The HIV virus invades the T cells of the helper-type lymphocytes and, as the disease progresses, the body’s immune system becomes unable to function properly
agglutination
Process of clumping together, as of blood cells that are incompatible
albumin
One of a group of simple proteins found in blood plasma and serum
allergy
An individual hypersensitivity to a substance that is usually harmless. Allergic rhinitis is commonly known as hay fever. It is typically caused by the pollens of certain seasonal plants and occurs in people who are allergic to these substances. Symptoms include coughing, headache, sneezing, and itchy nose, mouth, and eyes.
anaphylaxis
Unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction to foreign proteins or other substances. It can occur suddenly, be life-threatening, and affect the whole body. During an anaphylactic allergic reaction, tissues in different parts of the body release histamine and other substances.
anemia
Condition in which there is a reduction in the number of circulating red blood cells, the amount of the hemoglobin, or the volume of packed red cells (hematocrit). A normal red blood cell is biconcave with no nucleus and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
hypoxia
Deficient amount of oxygen in the blood, cells, and tissues
anisocytosis
Condition in which the erythrocytes are unequal in size and shape
antibody
Protein substance produced in the body in response to an invading foreign substance (antigen)
anticoagulant
Substance that works against the formation of blood clots; a class of medication used in certain patients to prevent blood from clotting; a chemical compound used in medical equipment, such as test tubes, blood transfusion bags, and renal dialysis equipmen
antigen
Invading foreign substance that induces the formation of antibodies
autoimmune disease
Condition in which the body’s immune system becomes defective and produces antibodies against itself. Hemolytic anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, and scleroderma are considered to be autoimmune diseases.
autotransfusion
Process of infusing a patient’s own blood. Methods used include harvesting the blood 1–3 weeks before elective surgery; salvaging intraoperative blood; and collecting blood from trauma or selected surgical patients for infusion within 4 hours.
coagulable
capable of forming a clot
corpuscle
blood cell
creatinemia
Excess of creatine (nitrogenous compound produced by metabolic processes) in the blood
embolus
Particle or mass (most likely a blood clot) that travels through the bloodstream. It can lodge in a blood vessel, producing blockage and causing organ damage. Emboli (plural form) can be solid, liquid, or gaseous.
erythroblast
Immature red blood cell that is found only in bone marrow and still contains a nucleus
erythrocyte
Mature red blood cell, which does not contain a nucleus
erythrocytosis
Abnormal condition in which there is an increase in production of red blood cells
erythropoiesis
formation of red blood cells
erythropoietin
Hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells
extravasation
Process by which fluids and/or intravenous (IV) medications can escape from the blood vessel into surrounding tissue
fibrin
Insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen by the action of thrombin in the blood-clotting process
fibrinogen
Blood protein converted to fibrin by the action of thrombin in the blood-clotting process
globulin
Plasma protein found in body fluids and cells
granulocyte
Granular leukocyte (white blood cell containing granules); a polymorphonuclear white blood cell (includes neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils)
hematologist
one who specializes in the study of the blood; physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of blood diseases
hematology
study of the blood
hematoma
Collection of blood that has escaped from a blood vessel into the surrounding tissues; results from trauma or incomplete hemostasis after surgery.
hemochromatosis
Genetic condition in which iron is not metabolized properly and accumulates in body tissues. The skin has a bronze hue, the liver becomes enlarged, and diabetes and cardiac failure can occur.
hemoglobin
A protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs in the body and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs
hemolysis
destruction of red blood cells
hemophilia
Hereditary blood condition characterized by prolonged coagulation and tendency to bleed
hemorrhage
bursting forth of blood; bleeding
hemostasis
control or stopping of bleeding
heparin
Natural substance found in the liver, lungs, and other body tissues that inhibits blood clotting (anticoagulant). As a drug, heparin is used during certain types of surgery and in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary infarction. It can be administered by either subcutaneous or intravenous injection.
hypercalcemia
Pathological condition of excessive amounts of calcium in the blood
hyperglycemia
Pathological condition of excessive amounts of sugar in the blood
hyperlipidemia
Pathological condition of excessive amounts of lipids (fat) in the blood
hypoglycemia
Condition of deficient amounts of sugar in the blood; low blood sugar
immunoglobulin
Blood protein capable of acting as an antibody. The five major types are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.
kaposi sarcoma
Malignant neoplasm that causes violaceous (violet-colored) vascular lesions and general lymphadenopathy (diseased lymph nodes); it is the most common AIDS-related tumor
leukapheresis
Separation of white blood cells from the blood, which is then transfused back into the patient
leukemia
Cancer of the white blood cells. The bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells and these cells crowd out healthy blood cells, making it difficult for blood to do its work. Leukemia is classified by the type of white blood cell that is affected (myeloid or lymphoid) and how rapidly it progresses (chronic or acute).
leukcytopenia
Abnormal decrease of white blood cells; literally means lack of white blood cells
lymphadenitis
inflammation of the lymph glands
lymphedema
abnormal accumulation of lymph in the interstitial spaces
lymphoma
Lymphoid neoplasm, usually malignant. Lymphomas are identified as Hodgkin disease or non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Radiation therapy is the primary treatment for early-stage Hodgkin disease.
lymphostasis
control or stopping of the flow of lymph
macrocytosis
Condition in which erythrocytes are larger than normal
mononucleosis
Infectious disease, often called mono or kissing disease, that occurs most often in teens and young adults; caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and spread through saliva
opportunistic infection
An infection that occurs more frequently or is more severe in people with weakened immune systems, such as people with HIV or people receiving chemotherapy, than in people with healthy immune systems. People with AIDS are very vulnerable to these types of infections.
pancytopenia
lack of the cellular elements of blood
phagocytosis
Engulfing and eating of particulate substances such as bacteria, protozoa, cells and cell debris, dust particles, and colloids by phagocytes (leukocytes or macrophages).
plasmapheresis
Removal of blood from the body and centrifuging it to separate the plasma from the blood and infusing the cellular elements back into the patient
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
Pneumonia resulting from infection with Pneumocystis jiroveci; frequently seen in the immunologically compromised, such as persons with AIDS, steroid-treated individuals, older adults, or premature or debilitated babies during their first 3 months. Patients may be only slightly febrile (or even afebrile), but are likely to be extremely weak, dyspneic, and cyanotic.
polycythemia
increased number of red blood cells
prothrombin `
Chemical substance that interacts with calcium salts to produce thrombin
reticulocyte
Red blood cell containing a network of granules; the last immature stage of a red blood cell
Retrovirus
Virus that contains a unique enzyme called reverse transcriptase that allows it to replicate within new host cells. HIV is a retrovirus; once it enters the cell, it can replicate and kill the cells, some lymphocytes directly, and disrupt the functioning of the remaining CD4 cells.
septicemia
Pathological condition in which bacteria are present in the blood; also known as sepsis
serum
Blood serum is the clear, thin, and sticky fluid part of the blood that remains after blood clots; any clear watery fluid that has been separated from its more solid elements, such as the exudates from a blister
sideropenia
lack of iron in the blood
splenomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the spleen
stem cell
A bone marrow cell that gives rise to different types of blood cells
thalassemia
Hereditary anemia occurring in populations bordering the Mediterranean Sea and in Southeast Asia. It is a blood disorder in which the body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobin. The disorder results in large numbers of red blood cells being destroyed, which leads to anemia.
thrombectomy
surgical excision of a blood clot
thrombin
Blood enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin
thromboplastin
Essential factor in the production of thrombin and blood clotting
thrombosis
Formation, development, or existence of a blood clot (thrombus) within the vascular system. In venous thrombosis (thrombophlebitis), a thrombus forms on the wall of a vein, accompanied by inflammation and obstructed blood flow. Thrombi can form in either superficial or deep veins. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is generally a complication after hospitalization, surgery, or immobilization.
thymoma
tumor of the thymus
tonsillectomy
surgical excision of the tonsils
transfusion
Process by which blood is transferred from one individual to the vein of a recipient
vasculitis
Inflammation of the blood vessels that can affect arteries, veins, and capillaries; also known as angiitis.
ABO
blood groups
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ALL
acute lymphocytic leukemia
AML
acute myeloid leukemia
ANA
antinuclear antibodies
CBC
complete blood count
CLL
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CML
chronic myeloid leukemia
diff
differential count
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
ELISA
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
eos, eosin
eosinophil
ESR, sed rate
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
HAART
highly active antiretroviral therapy
Hb, Hgb, HGB
hemoglobin
Hct, HCT
hematocrit
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
Ig
immunoglobin
IV
intravenous
KS
kaposi sarcoma
lymphs
lymphocytes
MALT
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
NK
natural killer (cells)
PJP
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
PrEP
pre-exposure prophylaxis
PT
prothrombin time
PTT
partial thromboplastin time
RBC
red blood cell (count)
Rh
rhesus (factor)
VLNT
vascularized lymph node transfer
WBC
white blood cell (count)
