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med term > ch.9 > Flashcards

ch.9 Flashcards

1
Q

Erythrocyte (red blood cell)

A

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Thrombocyte (platelet)

A

Responsible for blood clotting

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3
Q

Leukocyte (white blood cell)

A

Provides body’s main defense against invasion of pathogens

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4
Q

Neutrophil

A

Protects against infection, especially by bacteria; is readily attracted to foreign antigens and destroys them by phagocytosis (engulfing and eating of particulate substances)

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5
Q

Eosinophil

A

Destroys parasitic organisms; plays a key role in allergic reactions

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6
Q

Basophil

A

Plays a role in releasing histamine and other chemicals that act on blood vessels; essential to nonspecific immune response to inflammation

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7
Q

Monocyte

A

Provides one of the first lines of defense in the inflammatory process, phagocytosis

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8
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Acts to recognize antigens, produce antibodies, and destroy foreign invaders

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9
Q

immunity

A

is the state of being immune to or protected from a disease, especially an infectious disease

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10
Q

passive immunity

A

is acquired through transfer of antibodies or activated T cells from an immune host and is short lived, usually lasting only a few months

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11
Q

active immunity

A

is induced in the host itself by an antigen and lasts much longer, sometimes lifelong

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12
Q

humoral immunity

A

is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies

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13
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

protection provided involves T lymphocytes alone

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14
Q

antibodies

A

developed in response to a specific antigen. An antibody is also referred to as an immunoglobulin; it is a complex glycoprotein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of an antigen. Antibodies neutralize or destroy antigens

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15
Q

T cells (thymus-dependent)

A

provide cellular immunity

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16
Q

B cells (bone marrow–derived)

A

provide humoral immunity

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17
Q

NK cells (natural killer)

A

Attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells

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18
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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19
Q

all/o

A

other

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20
Q

anis/o

A

unequal

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21
Q

calc/o

A

lime, calcium

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22
Q

coagul/o

A

clots, to clot

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23
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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24
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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25
Q

fibr/o

A

fiber, fibrous tissue

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26
Q

fibrin/o

A

fiber

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27
Q

fus/o

A

to pour

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28
Q

globul/o

A

globe

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29
Q

glyc/o

A

sweet, sugar

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30
Q

granul/o

A

little grain, granular

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31
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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32
Q

hemat/o

A

blood

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33
Q

immun/o

A

immunity

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34
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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35
Q

lipid/o

A

fat

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36
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

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37
Q

macr/o

A

large

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38
Q

phag/o

A

eat, engulf

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39
Q

plasm/o

A

plasma

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40
Q

reticul/o

A

net

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41
Q

septic/o

A

putrefying

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42
Q

sider/o

A

iron

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43
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

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44
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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45
Q

thym/o

A

thymus

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46
Q

tonsill/o

A

tonsil

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47
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

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48
Q

vascul/o

A

small vessel

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49
Q

agglutinat

A

clumping

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50
Q

creatin

A

creatine

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51
Q

log

A

study

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52
Q

nucle

A

kernel, nucleus

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53
Q

plast

A

developing

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54
Q

poiet

A

formation

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55
Q

thalass

A

sea

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56
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

AIDS is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is transmitted through sexual contact, exposure to infected blood or blood components, and perinatally from mother to newborn. The HIV virus invades the T cells of the helper-type lymphocytes and, as the disease progresses, the body’s immune system becomes unable to function properly

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57
Q

agglutination

A

Process of clumping together, as of blood cells that are incompatible

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58
Q

albumin

A

One of a group of simple proteins found in blood plasma and serum

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59
Q

allergy

A

An individual hypersensitivity to a substance that is usually harmless. Allergic rhinitis is commonly known as hay fever. It is typically caused by the pollens of certain seasonal plants and occurs in people who are allergic to these substances. Symptoms include coughing, headache, sneezing, and itchy nose, mouth, and eyes.

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60
Q

anaphylaxis

A

Unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction to foreign proteins or other substances. It can occur suddenly, be life-threatening, and affect the whole body. During an anaphylactic allergic reaction, tissues in different parts of the body release histamine and other substances.

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61
Q

anemia

A

Condition in which there is a reduction in the number of circulating red blood cells, the amount of the hemoglobin, or the volume of packed red cells (hematocrit). A normal red blood cell is biconcave with no nucleus and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

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62
Q

hypoxia

A

Deficient amount of oxygen in the blood, cells, and tissues

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63
Q

anisocytosis

A

Condition in which the erythrocytes are unequal in size and shape

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64
Q

antibody

A

Protein substance produced in the body in response to an invading foreign substance (antigen)

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65
Q

anticoagulant

A

Substance that works against the formation of blood clots; a class of medication used in certain patients to prevent blood from clotting; a chemical compound used in medical equipment, such as test tubes, blood transfusion bags, and renal dialysis equipmen

66
Q

antigen

A

Invading foreign substance that induces the formation of antibodies

67
Q

autoimmune disease

A

Condition in which the body’s immune system becomes defective and produces antibodies against itself. Hemolytic anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, and scleroderma are considered to be autoimmune diseases.

68
Q

autotransfusion

A

Process of infusing a patient’s own blood. Methods used include harvesting the blood 1–3 weeks before elective surgery; salvaging intraoperative blood; and collecting blood from trauma or selected surgical patients for infusion within 4 hours.

69
Q

coagulable

A

capable of forming a clot

70
Q

corpuscle

A

blood cell

71
Q

creatinemia

A

Excess of creatine (nitrogenous compound produced by metabolic processes) in the blood

72
Q

embolus

A

Particle or mass (most likely a blood clot) that travels through the bloodstream. It can lodge in a blood vessel, producing blockage and causing organ damage. Emboli (plural form) can be solid, liquid, or gaseous.

73
Q

erythroblast

A

Immature red blood cell that is found only in bone marrow and still contains a nucleus

74
Q

erythrocyte

A

Mature red blood cell, which does not contain a nucleus

75
Q

erythrocytosis

A

Abnormal condition in which there is an increase in production of red blood cells

76
Q

erythropoiesis

A

formation of red blood cells

77
Q

erythropoietin

A

Hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells

78
Q

extravasation

A

Process by which fluids and/or intravenous (IV) medications can escape from the blood vessel into surrounding tissue

79
Q

fibrin

A

Insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen by the action of thrombin in the blood-clotting process

80
Q

fibrinogen

A

Blood protein converted to fibrin by the action of thrombin in the blood-clotting process

81
Q

globulin

A

Plasma protein found in body fluids and cells

82
Q

granulocyte

A

Granular leukocyte (white blood cell containing granules); a polymorphonuclear white blood cell (includes neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils)

83
Q

hematologist

A

one who specializes in the study of the blood; physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of blood diseases

84
Q

hematology

A

study of the blood

85
Q

hematoma

A

Collection of blood that has escaped from a blood vessel into the surrounding tissues; results from trauma or incomplete hemostasis after surgery.

86
Q

hemochromatosis

A

Genetic condition in which iron is not metabolized properly and accumulates in body tissues. The skin has a bronze hue, the liver becomes enlarged, and diabetes and cardiac failure can occur.

87
Q

hemoglobin

A

A protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs in the body and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs

88
Q

hemolysis

A

destruction of red blood cells

89
Q

hemophilia

A

Hereditary blood condition characterized by prolonged coagulation and tendency to bleed

90
Q

hemorrhage

A

bursting forth of blood; bleeding

91
Q

hemostasis

A

control or stopping of bleeding

92
Q

heparin

A

Natural substance found in the liver, lungs, and other body tissues that inhibits blood clotting (anticoagulant). As a drug, heparin is used during certain types of surgery and in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary infarction. It can be administered by either subcutaneous or intravenous injection.

93
Q

hypercalcemia

A

Pathological condition of excessive amounts of calcium in the blood

94
Q

hyperglycemia

A

Pathological condition of excessive amounts of sugar in the blood

95
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

Pathological condition of excessive amounts of lipids (fat) in the blood

96
Q

hypoglycemia

A

Condition of deficient amounts of sugar in the blood; low blood sugar

97
Q

immunoglobulin

A

Blood protein capable of acting as an antibody. The five major types are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.

98
Q

kaposi sarcoma

A

Malignant neoplasm that causes violaceous (violet-colored) vascular lesions and general lymphadenopathy (diseased lymph nodes); it is the most common AIDS-related tumor

99
Q

leukapheresis

A

Separation of white blood cells from the blood, which is then transfused back into the patient

100
Q

leukemia

A

Cancer of the white blood cells. The bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells and these cells crowd out healthy blood cells, making it difficult for blood to do its work. Leukemia is classified by the type of white blood cell that is affected (myeloid or lymphoid) and how rapidly it progresses (chronic or acute).

101
Q

leukcytopenia

A

Abnormal decrease of white blood cells; literally means lack of white blood cells

102
Q

lymphadenitis

A

inflammation of the lymph glands

103
Q

lymphedema

A

abnormal accumulation of lymph in the interstitial spaces

104
Q

lymphoma

A

Lymphoid neoplasm, usually malignant. Lymphomas are identified as Hodgkin disease or non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Radiation therapy is the primary treatment for early-stage Hodgkin disease.

105
Q

lymphostasis

A

control or stopping of the flow of lymph

106
Q

macrocytosis

A

Condition in which erythrocytes are larger than normal

107
Q

mononucleosis

A

Infectious disease, often called mono or kissing disease, that occurs most often in teens and young adults; caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and spread through saliva

108
Q

opportunistic infection

A

An infection that occurs more frequently or is more severe in people with weakened immune systems, such as people with HIV or people receiving chemotherapy, than in people with healthy immune systems. People with AIDS are very vulnerable to these types of infections.

109
Q

pancytopenia

A

lack of the cellular elements of blood

110
Q

phagocytosis

A

Engulfing and eating of particulate substances such as bacteria, protozoa, cells and cell debris, dust particles, and colloids by phagocytes (leukocytes or macrophages).

111
Q

plasmapheresis

A

Removal of blood from the body and centrifuging it to separate the plasma from the blood and infusing the cellular elements back into the patient

112
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

A

Pneumonia resulting from infection with Pneumocystis jiroveci; frequently seen in the immunologically compromised, such as persons with AIDS, steroid-treated individuals, older adults, or premature or debilitated babies during their first 3 months. Patients may be only slightly febrile (or even afebrile), but are likely to be extremely weak, dyspneic, and cyanotic.

113
Q

polycythemia

A

increased number of red blood cells

114
Q

prothrombin `

A

Chemical substance that interacts with calcium salts to produce thrombin

115
Q

reticulocyte

A

Red blood cell containing a network of granules; the last immature stage of a red blood cell

116
Q

Retrovirus

A

Virus that contains a unique enzyme called reverse transcriptase that allows it to replicate within new host cells. HIV is a retrovirus; once it enters the cell, it can replicate and kill the cells, some lymphocytes directly, and disrupt the functioning of the remaining CD4 cells.

117
Q

septicemia

A

Pathological condition in which bacteria are present in the blood; also known as sepsis

118
Q

serum

A

Blood serum is the clear, thin, and sticky fluid part of the blood that remains after blood clots; any clear watery fluid that has been separated from its more solid elements, such as the exudates from a blister

119
Q

sideropenia

A

lack of iron in the blood

120
Q

splenomegaly

A

abnormal enlargement of the spleen

121
Q

stem cell

A

A bone marrow cell that gives rise to different types of blood cells

122
Q

thalassemia

A

Hereditary anemia occurring in populations bordering the Mediterranean Sea and in Southeast Asia. It is a blood disorder in which the body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobin. The disorder results in large numbers of red blood cells being destroyed, which leads to anemia.

123
Q

thrombectomy

A

surgical excision of a blood clot

124
Q

thrombin

A

Blood enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin

125
Q

thromboplastin

A

Essential factor in the production of thrombin and blood clotting

126
Q

thrombosis

A

Formation, development, or existence of a blood clot (thrombus) within the vascular system. In venous thrombosis (thrombophlebitis), a thrombus forms on the wall of a vein, accompanied by inflammation and obstructed blood flow. Thrombi can form in either superficial or deep veins. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is generally a complication after hospitalization, surgery, or immobilization.

127
Q

thymoma

A

tumor of the thymus

128
Q

tonsillectomy

A

surgical excision of the tonsils

129
Q

transfusion

A

Process by which blood is transferred from one individual to the vein of a recipient

130
Q

vasculitis

A

Inflammation of the blood vessels that can affect arteries, veins, and capillaries; also known as angiitis.

131
Q

ABO

A

blood groups

132
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

133
Q

ALL

A

acute lymphocytic leukemia

134
Q

AML

A

acute myeloid leukemia

135
Q

ANA

A

antinuclear antibodies

136
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

137
Q

CLL

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

138
Q

CML

A

chronic myeloid leukemia

139
Q

diff

A

differential count

140
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

141
Q

ELISA

A

enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

142
Q

eos, eosin

A

eosinophil

143
Q

ESR, sed rate

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

144
Q

HAART

A

highly active antiretroviral therapy

145
Q

Hb, Hgb, HGB

A

hemoglobin

146
Q

Hct, HCT

A

hematocrit

147
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus

148
Q

Ig

A

immunoglobin

149
Q

IV

A

intravenous

150
Q

KS

A

kaposi sarcoma

151
Q

lymphs

A

lymphocytes

152
Q

MALT

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

153
Q

NK

A

natural killer (cells)

154
Q

PJP

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

155
Q

PrEP

A

pre-exposure prophylaxis

156
Q

PT

A

prothrombin time

157
Q

PTT

A

partial thromboplastin time

158
Q

RBC

A

red blood cell (count)

159
Q

Rh

A

rhesus (factor)

160
Q

VLNT

A

vascularized lymph node transfer

161
Q

WBC

A

white blood cell (count)

med term (18 decks)

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