ch.13 Flashcards
cephal/o
head
cerebell/o
little brain
cerebr/o
cerebrum
cran/i
skull
crani/o
skull
cyt/o
cell
dendr/o
tree
disk/o
disk
dur/o
dura, hard
electr/o
electricity
encephal/o
brain
esthesi/o
feeling
fibr/o
fiber
gli/o
glue
hypn/o
sleep
lamin/o
thin plate
later/o
side
lob/o
lobe
mening/i
membrane, meninges
mening/o
membrane, meninges
ment/o
mind
my/o
muscle
myel/o
spinal cord
narc/o
numbness, sleep, stupor
neur/o
nerve
pallid/o
globus pallidus
papill/o
papilla
poli/o
gray
scler/o
hardening
somn/o
sleep
spin/o
thorn, spine
spondyl/o
vertebra
vag/o
vagus, wandering
ventricul/o
ventricle
ambul
to walk
concuss
shaken violently
ganglion
knot
mnes
memory
sympath
sympathy
acetylcholine
cholinergic neurotransmitter; plays an important role in the transmission of nerve impulses at synapses and myoneural junctions
akathisia
Inability to remain still; motor restlessness and anxiety
akinesia
loss or lack of voluntary motion
alzheimer disease
A progressive degeneration of brain tissue that usually begins after age 60
amnesia
Condition in which there is a loss or lack of memory
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Muscular weakness, atrophy, with spasticity caused by degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord; also called Lou Gehrig disease
analgesia
Condition in which there is a lack of the sensation of pain
anesthesia
lack of the sense of feeling; a pharmacologically induced reversible state of amnesia, analgesia, loss of responsiveness, loss of skeletal muscle reflexes, and decreased stress response
anesthesiologist
Physician who specializes in the science of anesthesia
aphagia
loss or lack of the ability to eat or swallow
aphasia
lack of the ability to speak. It is a language disorder in which there is an impairment of producing or comprehending spoken or written language due to brain damage.
apraxia
Loss or lack of the ability to use objects properly and to recognize common ones; inability to perform motor tasks or activities of daily living (ADL), such as dressing and bathing
asthenia
loss or lack of strength
astrocytoma
primary tumor of the brain composed of astrocytes (star-shaped neuroglial cells) characterized by slow growth, cyst formation, metastasis, and malignant glioblastoma within the tumor mass.
ataxia
oss or lack of order; neurological sign and symptom consisting of lack of coordination of muscle movements. It implies dysfunction of parts of the nervous system that coordinate movement, such as the cerebellum.
bradykinesia
abnormal slowness of motion
cephalagia
head pain; headache
cerebellar
pertaining to the cerebellum
cerebral palsy
Disorder of movement and posture caused by damage to the motor control centers of the developing brain and can occur during gestation, during childbirth, or after birth up to about age 3.
cerebrospinal
pertaining to the cerebrum and the spinal cord
chorea
Abnormal involuntary movement disorder, one of a group of neurological disorders called dyskinesias
coma
Unconscious state or stupor from which the patient cannot be aroused
concussion (brain)
Head injury with a transient loss of brain function
craniectomy
Surgical excision of a portion of the skull (cranium), which encases the brain
craniotomy
surgical incision into the skull. It is a surgical operation in which a bone flap is removed from the skull to access the brain.
deep brain stimulation
A surgical procedure used to treat a variety of disabling neurological symptoms
dementia
Group of symptoms marked by memory loss and loss of other cognitive functions such as perception, thinking, reasoning, and remembering
diskectomy
Surgical excision of an intervertebral disk
dyslexia
Difficulty reading and writing words even though vision and intelligence are unimpaired
dysphasia
Impairment of speech that may be caused by a brain lesion
electromyography
Process of recording the contraction of a skeletal muscle as a result of electrical stimulation; used in diagnosing disorders of nerves supplying muscles
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain.
encephalopathy
Any pathological dysfunction of the brain.
endorphins
Chemical substances produced in the brain that act as natural analgesics (opiates) and provide feelings of pleasure
epidural
pertaining to situated on the dura mater; often used to refer to a form of regional anesthesia involving injection of medication via a catheter into the epidural space.
epiduroscopy
Minimally invasive form of surgery that introduces medication via an endoscope into the epidural space
epilepsy
A neurological disorder involving repeated seizures of any type. Seizures are episodes of disturbed brain function that cause changes in attention and/or behavior.
ganglionectomy
Surgical excision of a ganglion (a mass of nerve tissue outside the brain and spinal cord)
glioma
tumor composed of nueroglial tissue
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Pathological condition in which the myelin sheaths covering peripheral nerves are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness
hemiparesis
Weakness on one side of the body that can be caused by a stroke, cerebral palsy, brain tumor, multiple sclerosis, and other brain and nervous system diseases
hemiplegia
Paralysis of one-half of the body when it is divided along the median sagittal plane; total paralysis of the arm, leg, and trunk on the same side of the body.
herniated disk syndrome
Condition in which part or all of the soft, gelatinous central portion of an intervertebral disk (the nucleus pulposus) is forced through a weakened part of the disk.
herpes zoster
Viral disease characterized by painful vesicular eruptions along a segment of the spinal or cranial nerves; also called shingles
hydrocephalus
Condition in which there is an increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain, causing the head to be enlarged.
hyperesthesia
Increased feelings of sensory stimuli, such as pain, touch, or sound
hyperkinesis
Increased muscular movement and motion; inability to be still; also known as hyperactivity
hypnosis
Artificially induced trancelike state resembling somnambulism (sleepwalking)
intracranial
pertaining to within the skull
laminectomy
Surgical excision of a vertebral posterior arch
lobotomy
Surgical incision into the prefrontal or frontal lobe of the brain
meningioma
Tumor of the meninges that originates in the arachnoidal tissue
meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges of the spinal cord or brain
meningocele
Congenital hernia (saclike protrusion) in which the meninges protrude through a defect in the skull or spinal column
meningomyelocele
Congenital herniation of the spinal cord and meninges through a defect in the vertebral column
microcephaly
Abnormally small head; congenital anomaly characterized by an abnormal smallness of the head in relation to the rest of the body
multiple sclerosis
Chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath.
myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord
narcolepsy
Chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath.
neuralgia
pain in a nerve or nerves
neurasthenia
Pathological condition characterized by weakness, exhaustion, and prostration that often accompanies severe depression
neurectomy
surgical excision of a nerve
neuritis
inflammation of a nerve
neuroblast
Germ (embryonic) cell from which nervous tissue is formed
neuroblastoma
Malignant tumor composed of cells resembling neuroblasts
neurofibroma
Fibrous connective tissue tumor of a nerve
neuroglia
Supporting or connective tissue cells of the central nervous system (astrocytes, oligodendroglia, microglia, and ependymal cells)
neurologist
Physician who specializes in the study of the nervous system
neurology
study of the nervous system
neuroma
tumor of nerve cells and fibers
neuropathy
any pathological nervous tissue disease
neurotransmitter
Chemical substances, such as dopamine and acetylcholine, that carry electrical impulses across a synapse between two neurons
oligodendroglioma
Malignant tumor composed of oligodendroglia (a type of cell that makes up one component of the tissue of the CNS)
pain
A symptom of a physical or emotional condition. Pain has been described as unpleasant bodily sensations or a complex of sensations resulting from injury or disease that cause physical discomfort or emotional distress.
pallidotomy
Surgical destruction of the globus pallidus of the brain done to treat involuntary movements or muscular rigidity in Parkinson disease
papilledema
Swelling of the optic disk, usually caused by increased intracranial pressure (ICP); also called choked disk
paraplegia
slight, partial, or incomplete paralysis
parkinson disease
progressive neurological disorder caused by degeneration of nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls movement. This degeneration creates a shortage of the brain signaling chemical (neurotransmitter) known as dopamine, causing the movement impairments that characterize the disease.
poliomyelitis
Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord
polyneuritis
inflammation involving many nerves
quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four extremities and usually the trunk due to injury to the spinal cord in the cervical spine; also called tetraplegia.
reye syndrome
Acute disease that causes edema of the brain and increased intracranial pressure, hypoglycemia, and fatty infiltration of the liver and other vital organs
sciatica
Severe pain along the course of the sciatic nerve
sleep
State of rest for the body and mind; has two distinct types: rapid eye movement (REM), sometimes called dream sleep, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM)
somnambulism
condition of sleepwalking
spondylosyndesis
Surgical procedure to bind vertebrae after removal of a herniated disk; also called spinal fusion
stroke
Death of focal brain tissue that occurs when the brain does not get sufficient blood and oxygen; also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack.
subdural
pertaining to below the dura matter
sundowning
Increased agitation or restlessness that occurs in the late afternoon or early evening in patients with cognitive impairment;
sympathectomy
Surgical excision of a portion of the sympathetic nervous system, such as a nerve or ganglion
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
Use of mild electrical stimulation to interfere with the transmission of painful stimuli; has proved useful in relieving pain in some patients
vagotomy
surgical incision of the vagus nerve
ventriculogram
xray of the cerebral ventricles
ACh
acetylcholine
AD
alzheimer disease
ADL
activities of daily living
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ANS
autonomic nervous system
ASPD
advanced sleep phase disorder
CNS
central nervous system
CP
cerebral palsy
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CT
computed tomography
CTE
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
DBS
deep brain stimulation
DSPS
delayed sleep phase syndrome
EEG
electroencephalogram
FTD
frontotemporal dementia
FTLD
frontotemporal lobar degeneration
GCS
glasgow coma scale
HDS
herniated disk syndrome
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
ICP
intracranial pressure
LBD
levy body dementia
LP
lumbar puncture
MHI
mild head injury
MHT
minor head trauma
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
MS
multiple sclerosis
MTBI
mild traumatic brain injury
neuro
neurology
NREM
non rapid eye movement
PD
parkinson disease
PET
positron emission tomography
PHN
postherpetic neuralgia
PNS
peripheral nervous system
REM
rapid eye movement
TENS
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
TIA
transient ischemic attack
FAST
face, arms, speech, time
