ch. 5 Flashcards
flat bone
ribs, scapula, pelvic girdle, skull bones
long bone
tibia, femur, humerus, radius
short bone
carpals, tarsals
irregular bone
vertebrae, ossicles of the ear
sesamoid bone
patella
sutural/wormian bone
between flat bones of the skull
epiphysis
end of a developing bone
metaphysis
narrow portion of a long bone between epiphysis and diaphysis
diaphysis
shaft of long bone
periosteum
fibrous vascular membrane that forms the covering of bones except at their joint surfaces
compact bone
dense, hard layer of bone tissue
medullary canal
narrow space or cavity throughout the length of the diaphysis
endosteum
tough, connective tissue membrane lining the medullary canal and containing the bone marrow
cancellous/spongey bone
reticular network that makes up most of the volume of bone
condyle
rounded projection that enters into the formation of a joint, articulation
crest
ridge on a bone
fissure
slitlike opening between two bones
foramen
opening in the bone for blood vessels, ligaments, and nerves
fossa
shallow depression in or on a bone
head
rounded end of a bone
meatus
tubelike passage or canal
process
enlargement or protrusion of a bone
sinus
air cavity within certain bones
spine
pointed, sharp, slender process
sulcus
groove, furrow, depression, or fissure
trochanter
either of the two bone projections below the neck of the femur
tubercle
small, rounded process
tuberosity
large, rounded process
epiphyseal plate
hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at the end of a long bone
Joint
Articulation, a place where two or more bones connect
Synarthrosis (fibrous)
Does not permit movement, bones are in close contact with each other but there is no joint cavity
Amphiarthrosis (cartilaginous)
Permits very slight movement
Diarthrosis (synovial)
Allows free movement in a variety of directions. synovial membrane lines the joint and produces synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint
Flexion
Bending a limb
Extension
Straightening a flexed limb
circumduction
Moving a body part in a circular motion
Abduction
Moving a body part away from the middle
Adduction
Moving a body part toward the middle
Protraction
Moving a body part forward
Retraction
Moving a body part backward
Rotation
Moving a body part around a central axis
Dorsiflexion
Bending a body part backward
Pronation
Lying prone, also turning the palm downward
Supination
Lying supine, turning the palm or foot upward
Eversion
Turning outward
Inversion
Turning inward
Closed fracture
Bone breaks but skin remains intact (simple fracture)
Open fracture
Bone beaks and protrudes through the skin (compound fracture)
Complete fracture
Fracture involves the entire width of the bone
Greenstick fracture
Bone fragments are still partially joined (incomplete fracture)
Communicated fracture
Bone fragments into many pieces
Impacted fracture
The two ends of the bone are forced together (buckle fracture)
Oblique fracture
Fracture occurs diagonal to the bones axis
Transverse fracture
Fracture occurs at a right angle to the bones axis
Linear fracture
Fracture occurs parallel to the bones axis
Displaced fracture
Broken ends of bones move out of correct anatomical alignment (unstable fracture)
Nondisplaced frature
Broken ends of bones remain aligned (stable fracture)
Avulsion fracture
A fragment of bone is separated from the rest of the bone, may cause displacmenet of surrounding tissues
stress fracture
Caused by small repetitive forces on the bone
Spiral fracture
Fracture spirals around the bone, occurs as the result of a twisting force
Depression fracture
Bone is forced inward
Pathologic fracture
Caused by a disease that weakens the bone
Compression fracture
Bone is crushed
Acetabul/o
Acetabulum
Acr/o
Extremity
Ankyl/o
Stiffening, crooked
Arthr/o
Joint
Burs/o
Pouch
Calcan/e
Heel bone
Carp/o
Wrist
Chondr/o
Cartilage
Clavicul/o
Clavicle, collar bone
Coccyg/e
Coccyx, tailbone
Coccyg/o
Coccyx, tailbone
Coll/a
Glue
Cost/o
Rib
Crani/o
Skull
Dactyl/o
Finger or toe
Femor/o
Femur
Fibul/o
Fibula
Fixat/o
Fastened
Humer/o
Humerus
ili/o
Ilium
Isch/i
Ischium, hip
Kyph/o
Hump
Lamin/o
Lamina (thin plate)
Lord/o
Bending, curve, swayback
Lumb/o
Loin, lower back
Mandibul/o
Lower jawbone
Maxill/o
Upper jawbone
Menisc/i
Crescent shaped
Myel/o
Bone marrow
Olecran/o
Elbow
Orth/o
Straight
Oste/o
Bone
Patell/o
Kneecap
Ped/o
Foot
Phalang/o
Phalanges
Phalang/e
Phalanges
Rad/i
Radius
Radi/o
Xray
Rheumat/o
Discharge
Sacr/o
Sacrum
Sarc/o
Flesh
Scapul/o
Shoulder blade
Scoli/o
Curvature
Spin/o
Spine
Spondyl/o
Vertebra
Stern/o
Sternum
Tendin/o
Tendon
Tendon/o
Tendon
Tibi/o
Tibia
Tract/o
To draw
Uln/o
Ulna
Vertebr/o
Vertebra
Xiph/o
Sword
Connect
To bind together
Duct
To lead
Locat
To place
Maxilla
Jaw
Omion
Shoulder
Phor
Carrying
Phos
Light
Por
Passage
Anti inflammatory agents
Relieve swelling, tenderness, redness and pain of inflammation. classified as steroidal and non steroidal
Corticosteroids
Steroid substances that have potent anti inflammatory effects in disorders of many organ systems (Depo-Medrol (methylprednisolone acetate) and prednisone)
Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Agents used in the treatment of arthritis and related disorders. Examples: Bayer aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), Motrin IB (ibuprofen), Feldene (piroxicam), ketoprofen, and Naprosyn (naproxen
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Can influence the course of the disease progression. Examples: gold preparation Ridaura (auranofin); antimalarial Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine sulfate); a chelating agent Cuprimine (penicillamine); and the immunosuppressants Trexall (methotrexate sodium), Imuran (azathioprine), and Cytoxan (cyclophosphamide)
COX-2 inhibitors
Inhibition of COX-2 reduces the production of compounds associated with inflammation and pain. Examples: Celebrex (celecoxib) and Mobic (meloxicam)
Biologics
Include a wide range of medicinal products such as vaccines, blood and blood components, and drugs made from recombinant DNA technology. Examples: Humira (adalimumab), Enbrel (etanercept), Remicade (infliximab), and Orencia (abatacept)
Agents used to treat gout
acute attacks of gout are treated with colchicine. once the acute attack is controlled, drug therapy to control hyperuricemia can be started. Examples: Zyloprim (allopurinol) and probenecid
antiresorptive agents
decrease the removal of calcium from bones. Examples: Fosamax (alendronate), Actonel (risedronate), Evista (raloxifene), Boniva (ibandronate), Reclast (zoledronate), and calcitonin
estrogen hormone therapy (EHT)
after menopause, EHT can prevent bone loss, increase bone density, prevent bone fractures and preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Examples: Premarin, Estrace, Estratest (oral estrogen), Estraderm, Vivelle (transdermal estrogen via skin patch)
analgesics
agents that relieve pain. they are classified as narcotic or non-narcotic
narcotic
examples: Demerol (meperidine HCl), morphine sulfate, Oxycontin (oxycodone HCl), and Hysingla (hydrocodone bitartrate)
non-narcotic
Tylenol (acetaminophen), aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Nuprin), and Naprosyn (naproxen)
acetabulum
cup-shaped socket of the hip bone into which the head of the femur fits
achondroplasia
defect in the formation of cartilage at the epiphysis of long bones
acroarthritis
inflammation of the joints of the hands or feet
acromion
projection of the spine of the scapula that forms the point of the shoulder and articulates with the clavicle
ankylosis
abnormal condition of stiffening of a joint
arthralgia
joint pain
arthritis
inflammation of a joint
arthrocentesis
surgical procedure to remove joint fluid
athrodesis
surgical fusion of a joint
athroplasty
surgical procedure used to repair a joint
arthroscope
surgical instrument used to examine the interior of a joint
bone marrow transplant
surgical procedure used to transfer bone marrow from a bone to a patient
bursa
padlike sac between muscles, tendons, and bones that is lined with synovial membrane and contains fluid called synovia
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
calcaneal
pertaining to the heel bone
calcium
mineral essential for bone growth, teeth development, blood coagulation
carpal
pertaining to the wrist bones
carpal tunnel syndrome
abnormal condition caused by compression of the median nerve by the carpal ligament due to injury or trauma to the area
cast
used to immobilize a fractured bone, dislocation, deformity or sprain
chondral
pertaining to cartilage
chondrocostal
pertaining to the rib cartilage
clavicular
pertaining to the clavicle
coccygeal
pertaining to the coccyx
coccygodynia
pain in the coccyx
collagen
fibrous insoluble protein found in connective tissue, skin, ligaments and cartilage
connective
nature of connecting or binding together
costosternal
pertaining to rib and sternum
craniectomy
surgical excision of a portion of the skull
craniotomy
surgical incision made into the skull
dactylic
pertaining to a finger or toe
dactylogram
medical term for fingerprint
dislocation
displacement of a bone from a joint
femoral
pertaining to the femur
fibular
pertaining to the fibula
fixation
process of holding or fastening in a fixed position; rigid, immoblized
flatfoot
abnormal flatness of the sole and arch of the foot
genu valgum
medical term for knock knee
genu varum
medical term for bowleg
gout
Hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, which is marked by joint inflammation.
hallux
medical term for the big toe
hammertoe
an acquired flexion deformity of the interphalangeal joint
humeral
pertaining to the humerus
hydrathrosis
an abnormal condition in which there is an accumulation of watery fluid in the cavity of a joint
iliac
pertaining to the ilium
iliosacral
pertaining to the ilium and sacrum
intercostal
pertaining to the space between two ribs
ischial
pertaining to the ischium, hip
ischialgia
pain in the ischium
kyphosis
Condition in which the normal thoracic curvature becomes exaggerated, producing a “humpback˝ appearance.
laminectomy
surgical excision of a vertebral posterior arch
lordosis
an abnormal anterior curvature of the the lumbar spine (swayback)
lumbar
pertaining to the loins (lower back)
lumbodynia
pain in the loins
mandibular
pertaining to the lower jawbone
maxillary
pertaining to the upper jawbone
meniscus
crescent shaped interarticular fibrocartilaginous stricture found in certain joints, especially the menisci
metacarpals
pertaining to the bones of the hand
metacarpectomy
surgical excision of one or more bones of the hand
myelitis
inflammation of the bone marrow
myeloma
tumor of the bone marrow
myelopoiesis
formation of bone marrow
olecranal
pertaining to the elbow
orthopedics
diseases and disorders involving locomotor structures of the body
orthopedist
one who specializes in diseases and disorders involving locomotor structures of the body
osteoarthritis
inflammation of the bone and joint
osteoblast
bone forming cell
osteochondritis
inflammation of bone and cartilage
osteogenesis
formation of bone
osteomalacia
softening of bone
osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone, especially the marrow, caused by a pathogenic organism
osteopenia
deficiency of bone tissue, regardless of the cause
osteoporosis
Abnormal condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bones, decreasing their strength and causing fragile bones, which can result in fractures.
osteosarcoma
malignant tumor of the bone
osteotome
surgical instrument used for cutting bone
patellar
pertaining to the patella
pedal
pertaining to the foot
phalangeal
pertaining to the bones of the fingers and toes
phosphorus
mineral that is essential in bone formation and muscle contraction
poylarthritis
inflammation of more than one joint
radial
pertaining to the radius
radiograph
film or record on which an X-ray image is produced
reduction
manipulative or surgical procedure used to correct a fracture or hernia
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling. results in crippling deformities
rickets
abnormal condition caused by lack of vitamin D
scapular
pertaining to the shoulder blade
scoliosis
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
spinal
pertaining to the spine
splint
appliance used for fixation, support, and rest of an injured body part
spondylodesis
Surgery performed to permanently connect two or more vertebrae in the spine, eliminating motion between them.
sprain
a traumatic injury to the tendons, muscles, or ligaments around a joint characterized by pain, swelling, and discoloration
spur
sharp or pointed projection
sternal
pertaining to the sternum
sternotomy
surgical incision of the sternum
subclavicular
pertaining to beneath the clavicle
subcostal
pertaining to beneath the ribs
submaxilla
below the jaw or mandible
symphysis
growing together
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
tennis elbow
Chronic condition characterized by elbow pain caused by excessive pronation and supination activities of the forearm
tibial
pertaining to the tibia
traction
process of drawing or pulling on bones or muscles to relieve displacement and facilitate healing
ulnar
pertaining to the ulna
ulnocarpal
pertaining to the ulna side of wrist
vertebral
pertaining to a a vertebra
xiphoid
resembling a sword
arthrography
Diagnostic examination of a joint (usually the knee) in which air and then a radiopaque contrast medium are injected into the joint space, x-rays are taken, and internal injuries of the meniscus, cartilage, and ligaments can be seen, if present.
arthroscopy
Process of examining and inspecting the internal structures of a joint using an arthroscope; usually done after an arthrography and before joint surgery
computed tomography
Advanced x-ray scanning system with a minicomputer that provides cross-section imaging. CT scans reveal both bone and soft tissue, including organs, muscles, and tumors.
dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan
Test used to measure bone mass or bone mineral density; used for diagnosing osteoporosis. The bone density of the patient is compared to the average peak bone density of young adults of the same gender and race. This score is called the T score, and it expresses the bone density in terms of the number of standard deviations (SDs) below peak young adult bone mass.
goniometry
measurement of joint movements, especially range of motion and angles via goniometer
magnetic resonance imaging
Noninvasive imaging technique used to view organs, bone, and other internal body structures. The imaged body part is exposed to radio waves while in a magnetic field. The picture is produced by energy emitted from hydrogen atoms in the human body
photon absorptiometry
Bone scan that uses a low beam of radiation to measure bone mineral density and bone loss in the lumbar vertebrae; useful in monitoring osteoporosis.
thermography
Process of recording heat patterns of the body’s surface; can be used to investigate the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis.
xray
Examination of bones using an electromagnetic wave of high energy produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a target in a vacuum tube; used to identify fractures and pathological conditions of the bones and joints such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondylitis, and tumors.
alkaline phosphatase blood test
Blood test to determine the level of alkaline phosphatase; increased level in osteoblastic bone tumors, rickets, osteomalacia, and during fracture healing.
antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
Present in a variety of immunological diseases; positive result can indicate rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and other autoimmune diseases.
bone mineral density (BMD) test
Test used to measure bone mass or bone mineral density. Several different machines measure bone density. Peripheral machines measure density in the finger, wrist, kneecap, shin bone, and heel. Central machines measure density in the hip, spine, and total body.
calcium blood test
Calcium level of the blood can be increased in metastatic bone cancer, acute osteoporosis, prolonged immobilization, and during fracture healing; can be decreased in osteomalacia and rickets.
C-reactive protein (CRP) blood test
Positive result can indicate rheumatoid arthritis, acute inflammatory change, and widespread metastasis.
phosphorus blood test
Phosphorus level of the blood can be increased in osteoporosis and fracture healing.
serum rheumatoid factor (RF)
immunoglobulin present in the serum of a majority of adults with rheumatoid arthritis
uric acid blood test
uric acid is increased in gout, arthritis, multiple myeloma, and rheumatism
ANA
antinuclear antibodies
BMD
bone mineral density
C1
cervical vertebra, first
C2
cervical vertebra, second
C3
cervical vertebra, third
Ca
calcium
CRP
C-reactive protein blood test
DMARDs
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
DXA
dual energy xray absorptiometry scan
EHT
estrogen hormone therapy
Fx
fracture
jt
joint
L1
lumbar vertebra, first
L2
lumbar vertebra, second
L3
lumbar vertebra, third
lig
ligament
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
NSAIDs
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
OA
osteoarthritis
orth, ortho
orthopedics, orthopaedics
P
phosphorus
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
RF
rheumatoid factor
ROM
range of motion
SDs
standard deviations
T1
thoracic vertebra, first
T2
thoracic vertebra, second
T3
thoracic vertebra, third
TJA
total joint arthroplasty
Tx
traction
