ch. 5 Flashcards
1
Q
flat bone
A
ribs, scapula, pelvic girdle, skull bones
2
Q
long bone
A
tibia, femur, humerus, radius
3
Q
short bone
A
carpals, tarsals
4
Q
irregular bone
A
vertebrae, ossicles of the ear
5
Q
sesamoid bone
A
patella
6
Q
sutural/wormian bone
A
between flat bones of the skull
7
Q
epiphysis
A
end of a developing bone
8
Q
metaphysis
A
narrow portion of a long bone between epiphysis and diaphysis
9
Q
diaphysis
A
shaft of long bone
10
Q
periosteum
A
fibrous vascular membrane that forms the covering of bones except at their joint surfaces
11
Q
compact bone
A
dense, hard layer of bone tissue
12
Q
medullary canal
A
narrow space or cavity throughout the length of the diaphysis
13
Q
endosteum
A
tough, connective tissue membrane lining the medullary canal and containing the bone marrow
14
Q
cancellous/spongey bone
A
reticular network that makes up most of the volume of bone
15
Q
condyle
A
rounded projection that enters into the formation of a joint, articulation
16
Q
crest
A
ridge on a bone
17
Q
fissure
A
slitlike opening between two bones
18
Q
foramen
A
opening in the bone for blood vessels, ligaments, and nerves
19
Q
fossa
A
shallow depression in or on a bone
20
Q
head
A
rounded end of a bone
21
Q
meatus
A
tubelike passage or canal
22
Q
process
A
enlargement or protrusion of a bone
23
Q
sinus
A
air cavity within certain bones
24
Q
spine
A
pointed, sharp, slender process
25
sulcus
groove, furrow, depression, or fissure
26
trochanter
either of the two bone projections below the neck of the femur
27
tubercle
small, rounded process
28
tuberosity
large, rounded process
29
epiphyseal plate
hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at the end of a long bone
30
Joint
Articulation, a place where two or more bones connect
31
Synarthrosis (fibrous)
Does not permit movement, bones are in close contact with each other but there is no joint cavity
32
Amphiarthrosis (cartilaginous)
Permits very slight movement
33
Diarthrosis (synovial)
Allows free movement in a variety of directions. synovial membrane lines the joint and produces synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint
34
Flexion
Bending a limb
35
Extension
Straightening a flexed limb
36
circumduction
Moving a body part in a circular motion
37
Abduction
Moving a body part away from the middle
38
Adduction
Moving a body part toward the middle
39
Protraction
Moving a body part forward
40
Retraction
Moving a body part backward
41
Rotation
Moving a body part around a central axis
42
Dorsiflexion
Bending a body part backward
43
Pronation
Lying prone, also turning the palm downward
44
Supination
Lying supine, turning the palm or foot upward
45
Eversion
Turning outward
46
Inversion
Turning inward
47
Closed fracture
Bone breaks but skin remains intact (simple fracture)
48
Open fracture
Bone beaks and protrudes through the skin (compound fracture)
49
Complete fracture
Fracture involves the entire width of the bone
50
Greenstick fracture
Bone fragments are still partially joined (incomplete fracture)
51
Communicated fracture
Bone fragments into many pieces
52
Impacted fracture
The two ends of the bone are forced together (buckle fracture)
53
Oblique fracture
Fracture occurs diagonal to the bones axis
54
Transverse fracture
Fracture occurs at a right angle to the bones axis
55
Linear fracture
Fracture occurs parallel to the bones axis
56
Displaced fracture
Broken ends of bones move out of correct anatomical alignment (unstable fracture)
57
Nondisplaced frature
Broken ends of bones remain aligned (stable fracture)
58
Avulsion fracture
A fragment of bone is separated from the rest of the bone, may cause displacmenet of surrounding tissues
59
stress fracture
Caused by small repetitive forces on the bone
60
Spiral fracture
Fracture spirals around the bone, occurs as the result of a twisting force
61
Depression fracture
Bone is forced inward
62
Pathologic fracture
Caused by a disease that weakens the bone
63
Compression fracture
Bone is crushed
64
Acetabul/o
Acetabulum
65
Acr/o
Extremity
66
Ankyl/o
Stiffening, crooked
67
Arthr/o
Joint
68
Burs/o
Pouch
69
Calcan/e
Heel bone
70
Carp/o
Wrist
71
Chondr/o
Cartilage
72
Clavicul/o
Clavicle, collar bone
73
Coccyg/e
Coccyx, tailbone
74
Coccyg/o
Coccyx, tailbone
75
Coll/a
Glue
76
Cost/o
Rib
77
Crani/o
Skull
78
Dactyl/o
Finger or toe
79
Femor/o
Femur
80
Fibul/o
Fibula
81
Fixat/o
Fastened
82
Humer/o
Humerus
83
ili/o
Ilium
84
Isch/i
Ischium, hip
85
Kyph/o
Hump
86
Lamin/o
Lamina (thin plate)
87
Lord/o
Bending, curve, swayback
88
Lumb/o
Loin, lower back
89
Mandibul/o
Lower jawbone
90
Maxill/o
Upper jawbone
91
Menisc/i
Crescent shaped
92
Myel/o
Bone marrow
93
Olecran/o
Elbow
94
Orth/o
Straight
95
Oste/o
Bone
96
Patell/o
Kneecap
97
Ped/o
Foot
98
Phalang/o
Phalanges
99
Phalang/e
Phalanges
100
Rad/i
Radius
101
Radi/o
Xray
102
Rheumat/o
Discharge
103
Sacr/o
Sacrum
104
Sarc/o
Flesh
105
Scapul/o
Shoulder blade
106
Scoli/o
Curvature
107
Spin/o
Spine
108
Spondyl/o
Vertebra
109
Stern/o
Sternum
110
Tendin/o
Tendon
111
Tendon/o
Tendon
112
Tibi/o
Tibia
113
Tract/o
To draw
114
Uln/o
Ulna
115
Vertebr/o
Vertebra
116
Xiph/o
Sword
117
Connect
To bind together
118
Duct
To lead
119
Locat
To place
120
Maxilla
Jaw
121
Omion
Shoulder
122
Phor
Carrying
123
Phos
Light
124
Por
Passage
125
Anti inflammatory agents
Relieve swelling, tenderness, redness and pain of inflammation. classified as steroidal and non steroidal
126
Corticosteroids
Steroid substances that have potent anti inflammatory effects in disorders of many organ systems (Depo-Medrol (methylprednisolone acetate) and prednisone)
127
Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Agents used in the treatment of arthritis and related disorders. Examples: Bayer aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), Motrin IB (ibuprofen), Feldene (piroxicam), ketoprofen, and Naprosyn (naproxen
128
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Can influence the course of the disease progression. Examples: gold preparation Ridaura (auranofin); antimalarial Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine sulfate); a chelating agent Cuprimine (penicillamine); and the immunosuppressants Trexall (methotrexate sodium), Imuran (azathioprine), and Cytoxan (cyclophosphamide)
129
COX-2 inhibitors
Inhibition of COX-2 reduces the production of compounds associated with inflammation and pain. Examples: Celebrex (celecoxib) and Mobic (meloxicam)
130
Biologics
Include a wide range of medicinal products such as vaccines, blood and blood components, and drugs made from recombinant DNA technology. Examples: Humira (adalimumab), Enbrel (etanercept), Remicade (infliximab), and Orencia (abatacept)
131
Agents used to treat gout
acute attacks of gout are treated with colchicine. once the acute attack is controlled, drug therapy to control hyperuricemia can be started. Examples: Zyloprim (allopurinol) and probenecid
132
antiresorptive agents
decrease the removal of calcium from bones. Examples: Fosamax (alendronate), Actonel (risedronate), Evista (raloxifene), Boniva (ibandronate), Reclast (zoledronate), and calcitonin
133
estrogen hormone therapy (EHT)
after menopause, EHT can prevent bone loss, increase bone density, prevent bone fractures and preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Examples: Premarin, Estrace, Estratest (oral estrogen), Estraderm, Vivelle (transdermal estrogen via skin patch)
134
analgesics
agents that relieve pain. they are classified as narcotic or non-narcotic
135
narcotic
examples: Demerol (meperidine HCl), morphine sulfate, Oxycontin (oxycodone HCl), and Hysingla (hydrocodone bitartrate)
136
non-narcotic
Tylenol (acetaminophen), aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Nuprin), and Naprosyn (naproxen)
137
acetabulum
cup-shaped socket of the hip bone into which the head of the femur fits
138
achondroplasia
defect in the formation of cartilage at the epiphysis of long bones
139
acroarthritis
inflammation of the joints of the hands or feet
140
acromion
projection of the spine of the scapula that forms the point of the shoulder and articulates with the clavicle
141
ankylosis
abnormal condition of stiffening of a joint
142
arthralgia
joint pain
143
arthritis
inflammation of a joint
144
arthrocentesis
surgical procedure to remove joint fluid
145
athrodesis
surgical fusion of a joint
146
athroplasty
surgical procedure used to repair a joint
147
arthroscope
surgical instrument used to examine the interior of a joint
148
bone marrow transplant
surgical procedure used to transfer bone marrow from a bone to a patient
149
bursa
padlike sac between muscles, tendons, and bones that is lined with synovial membrane and contains fluid called synovia
150
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
151
calcaneal
pertaining to the heel bone
152
calcium
mineral essential for bone growth, teeth development, blood coagulation
153
carpal
pertaining to the wrist bones
154
carpal tunnel syndrome
abnormal condition caused by compression of the median nerve by the carpal ligament due to injury or trauma to the area
155
cast
used to immobilize a fractured bone, dislocation, deformity or sprain
156
chondral
pertaining to cartilage
157
chondrocostal
pertaining to the rib cartilage
158
clavicular
pertaining to the clavicle
159
coccygeal
pertaining to the coccyx
160
coccygodynia
pain in the coccyx
161
collagen
fibrous insoluble protein found in connective tissue, skin, ligaments and cartilage
162
connective
nature of connecting or binding together
163
costosternal
pertaining to rib and sternum
164
craniectomy
surgical excision of a portion of the skull
165
craniotomy
surgical incision made into the skull
166
dactylic
pertaining to a finger or toe
167
dactylogram
medical term for fingerprint
168
dislocation
displacement of a bone from a joint
169
femoral
pertaining to the femur
170
fibular
pertaining to the fibula
171
fixation
process of holding or fastening in a fixed position; rigid, immoblized
172
flatfoot
abnormal flatness of the sole and arch of the foot
173
genu valgum
medical term for knock knee
174
genu varum
medical term for bowleg
175
gout
Hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, which is marked by joint inflammation.
176
hallux
medical term for the big toe
177
hammertoe
an acquired flexion deformity of the interphalangeal joint
178
humeral
pertaining to the humerus
179
hydrathrosis
an abnormal condition in which there is an accumulation of watery fluid in the cavity of a joint
180
iliac
pertaining to the ilium
181
iliosacral
pertaining to the ilium and sacrum
182
intercostal
pertaining to the space between two ribs
183
ischial
pertaining to the ischium, hip
184
ischialgia
pain in the ischium
185
kyphosis
Condition in which the normal thoracic curvature becomes exaggerated, producing a “humpback˝ appearance.
186
laminectomy
surgical excision of a vertebral posterior arch
187
lordosis
an abnormal anterior curvature of the the lumbar spine (swayback)
188
lumbar
pertaining to the loins (lower back)
189
lumbodynia
pain in the loins
190
mandibular
pertaining to the lower jawbone
191
maxillary
pertaining to the upper jawbone
192
meniscus
crescent shaped interarticular fibrocartilaginous stricture found in certain joints, especially the menisci
193
metacarpals
pertaining to the bones of the hand
194
metacarpectomy
surgical excision of one or more bones of the hand
195
myelitis
inflammation of the bone marrow
196
myeloma
tumor of the bone marrow
197
myelopoiesis
formation of bone marrow
198
olecranal
pertaining to the elbow
199
orthopedics
diseases and disorders involving locomotor structures of the body
200
orthopedist
one who specializes in diseases and disorders involving locomotor structures of the body
201
osteoarthritis
inflammation of the bone and joint
202
osteoblast
bone forming cell
203
osteochondritis
inflammation of bone and cartilage
204
osteogenesis
formation of bone
205
osteomalacia
softening of bone
206
osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone, especially the marrow, caused by a pathogenic organism
207
osteopenia
deficiency of bone tissue, regardless of the cause
208
osteoporosis
Abnormal condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bones, decreasing their strength and causing fragile bones, which can result in fractures.
209
osteosarcoma
malignant tumor of the bone
210
osteotome
surgical instrument used for cutting bone
211
patellar
pertaining to the patella
212
pedal
pertaining to the foot
213
phalangeal
pertaining to the bones of the fingers and toes
214
phosphorus
mineral that is essential in bone formation and muscle contraction
215
poylarthritis
inflammation of more than one joint
216
radial
pertaining to the radius
217
radiograph
film or record on which an X-ray image is produced
218
reduction
manipulative or surgical procedure used to correct a fracture or hernia
219
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling. results in crippling deformities
220
rickets
abnormal condition caused by lack of vitamin D
221
scapular
pertaining to the shoulder blade
222
scoliosis
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
223
spinal
pertaining to the spine
224
splint
appliance used for fixation, support, and rest of an injured body part
225
spondylodesis
Surgery performed to permanently connect two or more vertebrae in the spine, eliminating motion between them.
226
sprain
a traumatic injury to the tendons, muscles, or ligaments around a joint characterized by pain, swelling, and discoloration
227
spur
sharp or pointed projection
228
sternal
pertaining to the sternum
229
sternotomy
surgical incision of the sternum
230
subclavicular
pertaining to beneath the clavicle
231
subcostal
pertaining to beneath the ribs
232
submaxilla
below the jaw or mandible
233
symphysis
growing together
234
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
235
tennis elbow
Chronic condition characterized by elbow pain caused by excessive pronation and supination activities of the forearm
236
tibial
pertaining to the tibia
237
traction
process of drawing or pulling on bones or muscles to relieve displacement and facilitate healing
238
ulnar
pertaining to the ulna
239
ulnocarpal
pertaining to the ulna side of wrist
240
vertebral
pertaining to a a vertebra
241
xiphoid
resembling a sword
242
arthrography
Diagnostic examination of a joint (usually the knee) in which air and then a radiopaque contrast medium are injected into the joint space, x-rays are taken, and internal injuries of the meniscus, cartilage, and ligaments can be seen, if present.
243
arthroscopy
Process of examining and inspecting the internal structures of a joint using an arthroscope; usually done after an arthrography and before joint surgery
244
computed tomography
Advanced x-ray scanning system with a minicomputer that provides cross-section imaging. CT scans reveal both bone and soft tissue, including organs, muscles, and tumors.
245
dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan
Test used to measure bone mass or bone mineral density; used for diagnosing osteoporosis. The bone density of the patient is compared to the average peak bone density of young adults of the same gender and race. This score is called the T score, and it expresses the bone density in terms of the number of standard deviations (SDs) below peak young adult bone mass.
246
goniometry
measurement of joint movements, especially range of motion and angles via goniometer
247
magnetic resonance imaging
Noninvasive imaging technique used to view organs, bone, and other internal body structures. The imaged body part is exposed to radio waves while in a magnetic field. The picture is produced by energy emitted from hydrogen atoms in the human body
248
photon absorptiometry
Bone scan that uses a low beam of radiation to measure bone mineral density and bone loss in the lumbar vertebrae; useful in monitoring osteoporosis.
249
thermography
Process of recording heat patterns of the body’s surface; can be used to investigate the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis.
250
xray
Examination of bones using an electromagnetic wave of high energy produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a target in a vacuum tube; used to identify fractures and pathological conditions of the bones and joints such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondylitis, and tumors.
251
alkaline phosphatase blood test
Blood test to determine the level of alkaline phosphatase; increased level in osteoblastic bone tumors, rickets, osteomalacia, and during fracture healing.
252
antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
Present in a variety of immunological diseases; positive result can indicate rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and other autoimmune diseases.
253
bone mineral density (BMD) test
Test used to measure bone mass or bone mineral density. Several different machines measure bone density. Peripheral machines measure density in the finger, wrist, kneecap, shin bone, and heel. Central machines measure density in the hip, spine, and total body.
254
calcium blood test
Calcium level of the blood can be increased in metastatic bone cancer, acute osteoporosis, prolonged immobilization, and during fracture healing; can be decreased in osteomalacia and rickets.
255
C-reactive protein (CRP) blood test
Positive result can indicate rheumatoid arthritis, acute inflammatory change, and widespread metastasis.
256
phosphorus blood test
Phosphorus level of the blood can be increased in osteoporosis and fracture healing.
257
serum rheumatoid factor (RF)
immunoglobulin present in the serum of a majority of adults with rheumatoid arthritis
258
uric acid blood test
uric acid is increased in gout, arthritis, multiple myeloma, and rheumatism
259
ANA
antinuclear antibodies
260
BMD
bone mineral density
261
C1
cervical vertebra, first
262
C2
cervical vertebra, second
263
C3
cervical vertebra, third
264
Ca
calcium
265
CRP
C-reactive protein blood test
266
DMARDs
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
267
DXA
dual energy xray absorptiometry scan
268
EHT
estrogen hormone therapy
269
Fx
fracture
270
jt
joint
271
L1
lumbar vertebra, first
272
L2
lumbar vertebra, second
273
L3
lumbar vertebra, third
274
lig
ligament
275
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
276
NSAIDs
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
277
OA
osteoarthritis
278
orth, ortho
orthopedics, orthopaedics
279
P
phosphorus
280
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
281
RF
rheumatoid factor
282
ROM
range of motion
283
SDs
standard deviations
284
T1
thoracic vertebra, first
285
T2
thoracic vertebra, second
286
T3
thoracic vertebra, third
287
TJA
total joint arthroplasty
288
Tx
traction
