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med term > ch. 5 > Flashcards

ch. 5 Flashcards

1
Q

flat bone

A

ribs, scapula, pelvic girdle, skull bones

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2
Q

long bone

A

tibia, femur, humerus, radius

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3
Q

short bone

A

carpals, tarsals

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4
Q

irregular bone

A

vertebrae, ossicles of the ear

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5
Q

sesamoid bone

A

patella

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6
Q

sutural/wormian bone

A

between flat bones of the skull

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7
Q

epiphysis

A

end of a developing bone

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8
Q

metaphysis

A

narrow portion of a long bone between epiphysis and diaphysis

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9
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone

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10
Q

periosteum

A

fibrous vascular membrane that forms the covering of bones except at their joint surfaces

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11
Q

compact bone

A

dense, hard layer of bone tissue

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12
Q

medullary canal

A

narrow space or cavity throughout the length of the diaphysis

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13
Q

endosteum

A

tough, connective tissue membrane lining the medullary canal and containing the bone marrow

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14
Q

cancellous/spongey bone

A

reticular network that makes up most of the volume of bone

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15
Q

condyle

A

rounded projection that enters into the formation of a joint, articulation

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16
Q

crest

A

ridge on a bone

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17
Q

fissure

A

slitlike opening between two bones

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18
Q

foramen

A

opening in the bone for blood vessels, ligaments, and nerves

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19
Q

fossa

A

shallow depression in or on a bone

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20
Q

head

A

rounded end of a bone

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21
Q

meatus

A

tubelike passage or canal

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22
Q

process

A

enlargement or protrusion of a bone

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23
Q

sinus

A

air cavity within certain bones

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24
Q

spine

A

pointed, sharp, slender process

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25
Q

sulcus

A

groove, furrow, depression, or fissure

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26
Q

trochanter

A

either of the two bone projections below the neck of the femur

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27
Q

tubercle

A

small, rounded process

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28
Q

tuberosity

A

large, rounded process

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29
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at the end of a long bone

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30
Q

Joint

A

Articulation, a place where two or more bones connect

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31
Q

Synarthrosis (fibrous)

A

Does not permit movement, bones are in close contact with each other but there is no joint cavity

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32
Q

Amphiarthrosis (cartilaginous)

A

Permits very slight movement

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33
Q

Diarthrosis (synovial)

A

Allows free movement in a variety of directions. synovial membrane lines the joint and produces synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint

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34
Q

Flexion

A

Bending a limb

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35
Q

Extension

A

Straightening a flexed limb

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36
Q

circumduction

A

Moving a body part in a circular motion

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37
Q

Abduction

A

Moving a body part away from the middle

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38
Q

Adduction

A

Moving a body part toward the middle

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39
Q

Protraction

A

Moving a body part forward

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40
Q

Retraction

A

Moving a body part backward

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41
Q

Rotation

A

Moving a body part around a central axis

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42
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Bending a body part backward

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43
Q

Pronation

A

Lying prone, also turning the palm downward

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44
Q

Supination

A

Lying supine, turning the palm or foot upward

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45
Q

Eversion

A

Turning outward

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46
Q

Inversion

A

Turning inward

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47
Q

Closed fracture

A

Bone breaks but skin remains intact (simple fracture)

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48
Q

Open fracture

A

Bone beaks and protrudes through the skin (compound fracture)

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49
Q

Complete fracture

A

Fracture involves the entire width of the bone

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50
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Bone fragments are still partially joined (incomplete fracture)

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51
Q

Communicated fracture

A

Bone fragments into many pieces

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52
Q

Impacted fracture

A

The two ends of the bone are forced together (buckle fracture)

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53
Q

Oblique fracture

A

Fracture occurs diagonal to the bones axis

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54
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Fracture occurs at a right angle to the bones axis

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55
Q

Linear fracture

A

Fracture occurs parallel to the bones axis

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56
Q

Displaced fracture

A

Broken ends of bones move out of correct anatomical alignment (unstable fracture)

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57
Q

Nondisplaced frature

A

Broken ends of bones remain aligned (stable fracture)

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58
Q

Avulsion fracture

A

A fragment of bone is separated from the rest of the bone, may cause displacmenet of surrounding tissues

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59
Q

stress fracture

A

Caused by small repetitive forces on the bone

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60
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Fracture spirals around the bone, occurs as the result of a twisting force

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61
Q

Depression fracture

A

Bone is forced inward

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62
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

Caused by a disease that weakens the bone

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63
Q

Compression fracture

A

Bone is crushed

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64
Q

Acetabul/o

A

Acetabulum

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65
Q

Acr/o

A

Extremity

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66
Q

Ankyl/o

A

Stiffening, crooked

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67
Q

Arthr/o

A

Joint

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68
Q

Burs/o

A

Pouch

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69
Q

Calcan/e

A

Heel bone

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70
Q

Carp/o

A

Wrist

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71
Q

Chondr/o

A

Cartilage

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72
Q

Clavicul/o

A

Clavicle, collar bone

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73
Q

Coccyg/e

A

Coccyx, tailbone

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74
Q

Coccyg/o

A

Coccyx, tailbone

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75
Q

Coll/a

A

Glue

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76
Q

Cost/o

A

Rib

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77
Q

Crani/o

A

Skull

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78
Q

Dactyl/o

A

Finger or toe

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79
Q

Femor/o

A

Femur

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80
Q

Fibul/o

A

Fibula

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81
Q

Fixat/o

A

Fastened

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82
Q

Humer/o

A

Humerus

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83
Q

ili/o

A

Ilium

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84
Q

Isch/i

A

Ischium, hip

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85
Q

Kyph/o

A

Hump

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86
Q

Lamin/o

A

Lamina (thin plate)

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87
Q

Lord/o

A

Bending, curve, swayback

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88
Q

Lumb/o

A

Loin, lower back

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89
Q

Mandibul/o

A

Lower jawbone

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90
Q

Maxill/o

A

Upper jawbone

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91
Q

Menisc/i

A

Crescent shaped

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92
Q

Myel/o

A

Bone marrow

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93
Q

Olecran/o

A

Elbow

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94
Q

Orth/o

A

Straight

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95
Q

Oste/o

A

Bone

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96
Q

Patell/o

A

Kneecap

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97
Q

Ped/o

A

Foot

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98
Q

Phalang/o

A

Phalanges

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99
Q

Phalang/e

A

Phalanges

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100
Q

Rad/i

A

Radius

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101
Q

Radi/o

A

Xray

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102
Q

Rheumat/o

A

Discharge

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103
Q

Sacr/o

A

Sacrum

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104
Q

Sarc/o

A

Flesh

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105
Q

Scapul/o

A

Shoulder blade

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106
Q

Scoli/o

A

Curvature

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107
Q

Spin/o

A

Spine

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108
Q

Spondyl/o

A

Vertebra

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109
Q

Stern/o

A

Sternum

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110
Q

Tendin/o

A

Tendon

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111
Q

Tendon/o

A

Tendon

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112
Q

Tibi/o

A

Tibia

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113
Q

Tract/o

A

To draw

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114
Q

Uln/o

A

Ulna

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115
Q

Vertebr/o

A

Vertebra

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116
Q

Xiph/o

A

Sword

117
Q

Connect

A

To bind together

118
Q

Duct

A

To lead

119
Q

Locat

A

To place

120
Q

Maxilla

A

Jaw

121
Q

Omion

A

Shoulder

122
Q

Phor

A

Carrying

123
Q

Phos

A

Light

124
Q

Por

A

Passage

125
Q

Anti inflammatory agents

A

Relieve swelling, tenderness, redness and pain of inflammation. classified as steroidal and non steroidal

126
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Steroid substances that have potent anti inflammatory effects in disorders of many organ systems (Depo-Medrol (methylprednisolone acetate) and prednisone)

127
Q

Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

Agents used in the treatment of arthritis and related disorders. Examples: Bayer aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), Motrin IB (ibuprofen), Feldene (piroxicam), ketoprofen, and Naprosyn (naproxen

128
Q

disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

A

Can influence the course of the disease progression. Examples: gold preparation Ridaura (auranofin); antimalarial Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine sulfate); a chelating agent Cuprimine (penicillamine); and the immunosuppressants Trexall (methotrexate sodium), Imuran (azathioprine), and Cytoxan (cyclophosphamide)

129
Q

COX-2 inhibitors

A

Inhibition of COX-2 reduces the production of compounds associated with inflammation and pain. Examples: Celebrex (celecoxib) and Mobic (meloxicam)

130
Q

Biologics

A

Include a wide range of medicinal products such as vaccines, blood and blood components, and drugs made from recombinant DNA technology. Examples: Humira (adalimumab), Enbrel (etanercept), Remicade (infliximab), and Orencia (abatacept)

131
Q

Agents used to treat gout

A

acute attacks of gout are treated with colchicine. once the acute attack is controlled, drug therapy to control hyperuricemia can be started. Examples: Zyloprim (allopurinol) and probenecid

132
Q

antiresorptive agents

A

decrease the removal of calcium from bones. Examples: Fosamax (alendronate), Actonel (risedronate), Evista (raloxifene), Boniva (ibandronate), Reclast (zoledronate), and calcitonin

133
Q

estrogen hormone therapy (EHT)

A

after menopause, EHT can prevent bone loss, increase bone density, prevent bone fractures and preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Examples: Premarin, Estrace, Estratest (oral estrogen), Estraderm, Vivelle (transdermal estrogen via skin patch)

134
Q

analgesics

A

agents that relieve pain. they are classified as narcotic or non-narcotic

135
Q

narcotic

A

examples: Demerol (meperidine HCl), morphine sulfate, Oxycontin (oxycodone HCl), and Hysingla (hydrocodone bitartrate)

136
Q

non-narcotic

A

Tylenol (acetaminophen), aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Nuprin), and Naprosyn (naproxen)

137
Q

acetabulum

A

cup-shaped socket of the hip bone into which the head of the femur fits

138
Q

achondroplasia

A

defect in the formation of cartilage at the epiphysis of long bones

139
Q

acroarthritis

A

inflammation of the joints of the hands or feet

140
Q

acromion

A

projection of the spine of the scapula that forms the point of the shoulder and articulates with the clavicle

141
Q

ankylosis

A

abnormal condition of stiffening of a joint

142
Q

arthralgia

A

joint pain

143
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of a joint

144
Q

arthrocentesis

A

surgical procedure to remove joint fluid

145
Q

athrodesis

A

surgical fusion of a joint

146
Q

athroplasty

A

surgical procedure used to repair a joint

147
Q

arthroscope

A

surgical instrument used to examine the interior of a joint

148
Q

bone marrow transplant

A

surgical procedure used to transfer bone marrow from a bone to a patient

149
Q

bursa

A

padlike sac between muscles, tendons, and bones that is lined with synovial membrane and contains fluid called synovia

150
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa

151
Q

calcaneal

A

pertaining to the heel bone

152
Q

calcium

A

mineral essential for bone growth, teeth development, blood coagulation

153
Q

carpal

A

pertaining to the wrist bones

154
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

abnormal condition caused by compression of the median nerve by the carpal ligament due to injury or trauma to the area

155
Q

cast

A

used to immobilize a fractured bone, dislocation, deformity or sprain

156
Q

chondral

A

pertaining to cartilage

157
Q

chondrocostal

A

pertaining to the rib cartilage

158
Q

clavicular

A

pertaining to the clavicle

159
Q

coccygeal

A

pertaining to the coccyx

160
Q

coccygodynia

A

pain in the coccyx

161
Q

collagen

A

fibrous insoluble protein found in connective tissue, skin, ligaments and cartilage

162
Q

connective

A

nature of connecting or binding together

163
Q

costosternal

A

pertaining to rib and sternum

164
Q

craniectomy

A

surgical excision of a portion of the skull

165
Q

craniotomy

A

surgical incision made into the skull

166
Q

dactylic

A

pertaining to a finger or toe

167
Q

dactylogram

A

medical term for fingerprint

168
Q

dislocation

A

displacement of a bone from a joint

169
Q

femoral

A

pertaining to the femur

170
Q

fibular

A

pertaining to the fibula

171
Q

fixation

A

process of holding or fastening in a fixed position; rigid, immoblized

172
Q

flatfoot

A

abnormal flatness of the sole and arch of the foot

173
Q

genu valgum

A

medical term for knock knee

174
Q

genu varum

A

medical term for bowleg

175
Q

gout

A

Hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, which is marked by joint inflammation.

176
Q

hallux

A

medical term for the big toe

177
Q

hammertoe

A

an acquired flexion deformity of the interphalangeal joint

178
Q

humeral

A

pertaining to the humerus

179
Q

hydrathrosis

A

an abnormal condition in which there is an accumulation of watery fluid in the cavity of a joint

180
Q

iliac

A

pertaining to the ilium

181
Q

iliosacral

A

pertaining to the ilium and sacrum

182
Q

intercostal

A

pertaining to the space between two ribs

183
Q

ischial

A

pertaining to the ischium, hip

184
Q

ischialgia

A

pain in the ischium

185
Q

kyphosis

A

Condition in which the normal thoracic curvature becomes exaggerated, producing a “humpback˝ appearance.

186
Q

laminectomy

A

surgical excision of a vertebral posterior arch

187
Q

lordosis

A

an abnormal anterior curvature of the the lumbar spine (swayback)

188
Q

lumbar

A

pertaining to the loins (lower back)

189
Q

lumbodynia

A

pain in the loins

190
Q

mandibular

A

pertaining to the lower jawbone

191
Q

maxillary

A

pertaining to the upper jawbone

192
Q

meniscus

A

crescent shaped interarticular fibrocartilaginous stricture found in certain joints, especially the menisci

193
Q

metacarpals

A

pertaining to the bones of the hand

194
Q

metacarpectomy

A

surgical excision of one or more bones of the hand

195
Q

myelitis

A

inflammation of the bone marrow

196
Q

myeloma

A

tumor of the bone marrow

197
Q

myelopoiesis

A

formation of bone marrow

198
Q

olecranal

A

pertaining to the elbow

199
Q

orthopedics

A

diseases and disorders involving locomotor structures of the body

200
Q

orthopedist

A

one who specializes in diseases and disorders involving locomotor structures of the body

201
Q

osteoarthritis

A

inflammation of the bone and joint

202
Q

osteoblast

A

bone forming cell

203
Q

osteochondritis

A

inflammation of bone and cartilage

204
Q

osteogenesis

A

formation of bone

205
Q

osteomalacia

A

softening of bone

206
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone, especially the marrow, caused by a pathogenic organism

207
Q

osteopenia

A

deficiency of bone tissue, regardless of the cause

208
Q

osteoporosis

A

Abnormal condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bones, decreasing their strength and causing fragile bones, which can result in fractures.

209
Q

osteosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of the bone

210
Q

osteotome

A

surgical instrument used for cutting bone

211
Q

patellar

A

pertaining to the patella

212
Q

pedal

A

pertaining to the foot

213
Q

phalangeal

A

pertaining to the bones of the fingers and toes

214
Q

phosphorus

A

mineral that is essential in bone formation and muscle contraction

215
Q

poylarthritis

A

inflammation of more than one joint

216
Q

radial

A

pertaining to the radius

217
Q

radiograph

A

film or record on which an X-ray image is produced

218
Q

reduction

A

manipulative or surgical procedure used to correct a fracture or hernia

219
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling. results in crippling deformities

220
Q

rickets

A

abnormal condition caused by lack of vitamin D

221
Q

scapular

A

pertaining to the shoulder blade

222
Q

scoliosis

A

an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

223
Q

spinal

A

pertaining to the spine

224
Q

splint

A

appliance used for fixation, support, and rest of an injured body part

225
Q

spondylodesis

A

Surgery performed to permanently connect two or more vertebrae in the spine, eliminating motion between them.

226
Q

sprain

A

a traumatic injury to the tendons, muscles, or ligaments around a joint characterized by pain, swelling, and discoloration

227
Q

spur

A

sharp or pointed projection

228
Q

sternal

A

pertaining to the sternum

229
Q

sternotomy

A

surgical incision of the sternum

230
Q

subclavicular

A

pertaining to beneath the clavicle

231
Q

subcostal

A

pertaining to beneath the ribs

232
Q

submaxilla

A

below the jaw or mandible

233
Q

symphysis

A

growing together

234
Q

tendinitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

235
Q

tennis elbow

A

Chronic condition characterized by elbow pain caused by excessive pronation and supination activities of the forearm

236
Q

tibial

A

pertaining to the tibia

237
Q

traction

A

process of drawing or pulling on bones or muscles to relieve displacement and facilitate healing

238
Q

ulnar

A

pertaining to the ulna

239
Q

ulnocarpal

A

pertaining to the ulna side of wrist

240
Q

vertebral

A

pertaining to a a vertebra

241
Q

xiphoid

A

resembling a sword

242
Q

arthrography

A

Diagnostic examination of a joint (usually the knee) in which air and then a radiopaque contrast medium are injected into the joint space, x-rays are taken, and internal injuries of the meniscus, cartilage, and ligaments can be seen, if present.

243
Q

arthroscopy

A

Process of examining and inspecting the internal structures of a joint using an arthroscope; usually done after an arthrography and before joint surgery

244
Q

computed tomography

A

Advanced x-ray scanning system with a minicomputer that provides cross-section imaging. CT scans reveal both bone and soft tissue, including organs, muscles, and tumors.

245
Q

dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan

A

Test used to measure bone mass or bone mineral density; used for diagnosing osteoporosis. The bone density of the patient is compared to the average peak bone density of young adults of the same gender and race. This score is called the T score, and it expresses the bone density in terms of the number of standard deviations (SDs) below peak young adult bone mass.

246
Q

goniometry

A

measurement of joint movements, especially range of motion and angles via goniometer

247
Q

magnetic resonance imaging

A

Noninvasive imaging technique used to view organs, bone, and other internal body structures. The imaged body part is exposed to radio waves while in a magnetic field. The picture is produced by energy emitted from hydrogen atoms in the human body

248
Q

photon absorptiometry

A

Bone scan that uses a low beam of radiation to measure bone mineral density and bone loss in the lumbar vertebrae; useful in monitoring osteoporosis.

249
Q

thermography

A

Process of recording heat patterns of the body’s surface; can be used to investigate the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis.

250
Q

xray

A

Examination of bones using an electromagnetic wave of high energy produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a target in a vacuum tube; used to identify fractures and pathological conditions of the bones and joints such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondylitis, and tumors.

251
Q

alkaline phosphatase blood test

A

Blood test to determine the level of alkaline phosphatase; increased level in osteoblastic bone tumors, rickets, osteomalacia, and during fracture healing.

252
Q

antinuclear antibodies (ANA)

A

Present in a variety of immunological diseases; positive result can indicate rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and other autoimmune diseases.

253
Q

bone mineral density (BMD) test

A

Test used to measure bone mass or bone mineral density. Several different machines measure bone density. Peripheral machines measure density in the finger, wrist, kneecap, shin bone, and heel. Central machines measure density in the hip, spine, and total body.

254
Q

calcium blood test

A

Calcium level of the blood can be increased in metastatic bone cancer, acute osteoporosis, prolonged immobilization, and during fracture healing; can be decreased in osteomalacia and rickets.

255
Q

C-reactive protein (CRP) blood test

A

Positive result can indicate rheumatoid arthritis, acute inflammatory change, and widespread metastasis.

256
Q

phosphorus blood test

A

Phosphorus level of the blood can be increased in osteoporosis and fracture healing.

257
Q

serum rheumatoid factor (RF)

A

immunoglobulin present in the serum of a majority of adults with rheumatoid arthritis

258
Q

uric acid blood test

A

uric acid is increased in gout, arthritis, multiple myeloma, and rheumatism

259
Q

ANA

A

antinuclear antibodies

260
Q

BMD

A

bone mineral density

261
Q

C1

A

cervical vertebra, first

262
Q

C2

A

cervical vertebra, second

263
Q

C3

A

cervical vertebra, third

264
Q

Ca

A

calcium

265
Q

CRP

A

C-reactive protein blood test

266
Q

DMARDs

A

disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs

267
Q

DXA

A

dual energy xray absorptiometry scan

268
Q

EHT

A

estrogen hormone therapy

269
Q

Fx

A

fracture

270
Q

jt

A

joint

271
Q

L1

A

lumbar vertebra, first

272
Q

L2

A

lumbar vertebra, second

273
Q

L3

A

lumbar vertebra, third

274
Q

lig

A

ligament

275
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

276
Q

NSAIDs

A

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

277
Q

OA

A

osteoarthritis

278
Q

orth, ortho

A

orthopedics, orthopaedics

279
Q

P

A

phosphorus

280
Q

RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis

281
Q

RF

A

rheumatoid factor

282
Q

ROM

A

range of motion

283
Q

SDs

A

standard deviations

284
Q

T1

A

thoracic vertebra, first

285
Q

T2

A

thoracic vertebra, second

286
Q

T3

A

thoracic vertebra, third

287
Q

TJA

A

total joint arthroplasty

288
Q

Tx

A

traction

med term (18 decks)

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