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med term > ch. 8 > Flashcards

ch. 8 Flashcards

1
Q

heart

A

The muscular pump that circulates blood through the heart, the lungs (pulmonary circulation), and the rest of the body (systemic circulation)

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2
Q

arteries

A

Branching system of vessels that transports blood from the right and left ventricles of the heart to all body parts; transports blood away from the heart

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3
Q

veins

A

vessels that transport blood from peripheral tissues back to the heart

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4
Q

capillaries

A

Microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules and facilitate passage of life-sustaining fluids containing oxygen and nutrients to cell bodies and removal of accumulated waste and carbon dioxide

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5
Q

blood

A

Fluid consisting of formed elements (erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes) and plasma. It is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body’s cells (oxygen, food, salts, hormones) and transports waste products (carbon dioxide, urea, lactic acid) away from those same cells. Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart.

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6
Q

endocardium

A

inner lining of the heart

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7
Q

myocardium

A

muscular middle layer of the heart

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8
Q

pericardium

A

outer membranous sac surrounding the heart

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9
Q

atria

A

upper chambers of heart

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10
Q

ventricles

A

lower chambers of heart

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11
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

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12
Q

angin/o

A

to choke

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13
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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14
Q

ather/o

A

fatty substance

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15
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

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16
Q

auscultat/o

A

listen to

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17
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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18
Q

chol/e

A

bile

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19
Q

circulat/o

A

circular

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20
Q

claudicat/o

A

to limp

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21
Q

corpor/o

A

body

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22
Q

cyan/o

A

dark blue

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23
Q

dilat/o

A

to widen

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24
Q

dynam/o

A

power

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25
Q

embol/o

A

to cast, to throw

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26
Q

glyc/o

A

sweet, sugar

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27
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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28
Q

infarct/o

A

infarct (necrosis of an area)

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29
Q

isch/o

A

to hold back

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30
Q

lipid/o

A

fat

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31
Q

lun/o

A

moon

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32
Q

man/o

A

thin

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33
Q

mitr/o

A

mitral valve

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34
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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35
Q

occlus/o

A

to close up

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36
Q

ox/i

A

oxygen

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37
Q

pector/o

A

chest

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38
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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39
Q

pulmon/o

A

lung

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40
Q

rrhythm/o

A

rhythm

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41
Q

scler/o

A

hardening

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42
Q

sept/o

A

a partition

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43
Q

sin/o

A

a curve

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44
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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45
Q

sten/o

A

narrowing

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46
Q

steth/o

A

chest

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47
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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48
Q

valvul/o

A

valve

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49
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

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50
Q

vascul/o

A

small vessel

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51
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

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52
Q

vers/o

A

turning

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53
Q

anastom

A

opening

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54
Q

arter

A

artery

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55
Q

card

A

heart

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56
Q

fibrillat

A

fibrils (small fibers)

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57
Q

log

A

study

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58
Q

oxy

A

sour, sharp, acid

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59
Q

palpitat

A

throbbing

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60
Q

sterol

A

solid (fat)

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61
Q

strict

A

to draw, to bind

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62
Q

tel

A

end

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63
Q

tens

A

pressure

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64
Q

ton

A

tone

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65
Q

anastomosis

A

Connection of two things that are normally diverging, which can occur naturally in the body; however, in medicine an anastomosis typically refers to a surgical connection between blood vessels or the joining of one hollow or tubular organ to another

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66
Q

aneurysm

A

abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel

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67
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain that occurs when a diseased blood vessels restrict blood flow to the hear. it is the most common symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD) and is often referred to as angina

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68
Q

angioma

A

tumor of a blood vessel

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69
Q

angioplasty

A

surgical repair of a blood vessel or a nonsurgical technique for treating diseased arteries by temporarily inflating a tiny balloon inside an artery

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70
Q

angiostenosis

A

pathological condition of the narrowing of a blood vessel

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71
Q

arrhythmia

A

irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heart beat; also called dysrhythmia

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72
Q

arterial

A

pertaining to an artery

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73
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

pathological condition of hardening of arteries

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74
Q

arteritis

A

inflammation of an artery

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75
Q

artificial pacemaker

A

electronic device that stimulates impulse initiation within the heart. it is a small, battery operated device that helps the heart beat in regular rhythm

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76
Q

atheroma

A

tumor of an artery containing a fatty substance

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77
Q

atherosclerosis

A

pathological condition of the arteries characterized by the buildup of fatty substances and hardening of the walls

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78
Q

auscultation

A

method of physical assessment using a stethoscope to listen to sounds within the chest, abdomen, and other parts of the body

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79
Q

automated external defibrillator (AED)

A

Portable automatic device used to restore normal heart rhythm to patients in cardiac arrest. An AED is applied outside the body. It automatically analyzes the patient’s heart rhythm and advises the rescuer whether a shock is needed to restore a normal heartbeat. If the patient’s heart resumes beating normally, the heart has been defibrillated.

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80
Q

bicuspid

A

valve with two cusps; pertaining to the mitral valve

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81
Q

bradycardia

A

abnormally slow heartbeat defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute

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82
Q

bruit

A

pathological noise; a sound of venous or arterial origin heard on auscultation

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83
Q

cardiac

A

pertaining to the heart

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84
Q

cardiac arrest

A

loss of effective heart function, which results in cessation of functional circulation. sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) results in sudden death

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85
Q

cardiologist

A

physician who specializes in the study of the heart

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86
Q

cardiology

A

literally means study of the heart

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87
Q

cardiomegaly

A

enlargement of the heart

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88
Q

cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS)

A

A combination of metabolic dysfunctions mainly characterized by insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia (abnormally elevated cholesterol or fats in the blood), hypertension, and central adiposity (accumulation of fat around the abdominal area)

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89
Q

cardiomyopathy (CMP)

A

disease of the heart muscle that leads to generalized deterioration of the muscle and its pumping ability

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90
Q

cardiopulmonary

A

pertaining to the heart and lungs

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91
Q

cardiotonic

A

a class of medication that is used to increase the tone (pumping strength) of the heart

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92
Q

cardiovascular (CV)

A

pertaining to the heart and small blood vessels

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93
Q

cardioversion

A

Medical procedure used to treat cardiac arrhythmias. An electrical shock is delivered to the heart to restore its normal rhythm. The electrical energy can be delivered externally through electrodes placed on the chest or directly to the heart by placing paddles on the heart during an open chest surgery.

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94
Q

cholesterol

A

a normal, soft, waxy substance found among the lipids in the bloodstream and all body cells. It is the building block of steroid hormones, but it is dangerous when it builds up on arterial walls and can contribute to the risk of coronary heart diease

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95
Q

circulation

A

the moving of the blood in the veins and arteries throughout the body

96
Q

claudication

A

process of lameness or limping. it is a dull, cramping pain in the hips, thighs, calves, or buttocks caused by an inadequate supply of oxygen to the muscles, die to narrowed arteries

97
Q

constriction

A

process of drawing together, as in the narrowing of a vessel

98
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

Surgical procedure to assist blood flow to the myocardium by using a section of a saphenous vein or internal mammary artery to bypass or reroute blood around an obstructed or occluded coronary artery, thus improving blood flow and oxygen to the heart

99
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

Most common form of heart disease; it is a progressive disease that increases the risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack) and sudden death.
CAD usually results from the buildup of fatty material and plaque in the coronary arteries (atherosclerosis). As the coronary arteries narrow, the flow of blood to the heart can slow or stop. Blockage can occur in one or many coronary arteries.

100
Q

cyanosis

A

abnormal condition of the skin and mucous membranes caused by oxygen deficiency in the blood. the skin, fingernails, and mucous membranes can appear slightly blue or gray

101
Q

defibrillator

A

medical device used to restore a normal heart rhythm by delivering an electric shock

102
Q

diastole

A

reaction phase of the heart cycle during which the heart muscle relaxes and the heart chambers fill with blood

103
Q

dysrhythmia

A

Abnormality of the rhythm or rate of the heartbeat. It is caused by a disturbance of the normal electrical activity within the heart and can be divided into two main groups: tachycardias and bradycardias. Dysrhythmia is also referred to as arrhythmia.

104
Q

embolism

A

pathological condition caused by obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign substances or a blood clot

105
Q

endarterectomy

A

surgical excision of the inner lining of an artery

106
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the endocardium, usually involving the heart valves.

107
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the endocardium, usually involving the heart valves.

108
Q

extracorporeal circulation

A

pertaining to the circulation of the blood outside the body via a heart-lung machine or in hemodialysis

109
Q

fibrillation

A

quivering or spontaneous contraction of individual muscle fibers; an abnormal bioelectric potential occurring in neuropathies and myopathies; disorganized pathological rhythm that can lead to death if not immediately corrected

110
Q

flutter

A

Pathological rapid heart rate that may cause cardiac output (CO) to be decreased. With atrial flutter, the heartbeat is 200–400 beats per minute. With ventricular flutter, the heartbeat is 250 beats or more per minute. On an EKG recording, a flutter will demonstrate a “sawtooth” appearance.

111
Q

heart failure

A

pathological condition in which the heart loses its ability to pump blood efficiently

112
Q

heart-lung transplant

A

surgical procedure of transferring the heart and lungs from a donor to a patient

113
Q

heart transplant

A

surgical procedure of transferring the heart from a donor to a patient

114
Q

hemangioma

A

benign tumor of a blood vessel

115
Q

hemodynamic

A

the dynamic study of the hearts function and movement of the blood and pressure

116
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

Abnormally high levels of lipids (fatty substances) in the blood. Lipids include sterols (cholesterol and cholesterol esters), free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (glycerol esters of FFA), and phospholipids (phosphoric acid esters of lipid substances).

117
Q

hypertension

A

A condition in which the force of blood flowing through the blood vessels is consistently too high; commonly called high blood pressure (HBP)

118
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure

119
Q

infarction

A

process of development of an infarct, which is death of tissue resulting from obstruction of blood flow

120
Q

ischemia

A

condition in which there is a lack of oxygen due to decreased blood supply to a part of the body caused by constriction of obstruction of a blood vessel

121
Q

lipoprotein

A

Fat (lipid) and protein molecules that are bound together. They are classified as VLDL—very-low-density lipoproteins; LDL—low-density lipoproteins; and HDL—high-density lipoproteins. High levels of VLDL and LDL are associated with cholesterol and triglyceride deposits in arteries, which could lead to coronary heart disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.

122
Q

lipoprotein

A

Fat (lipid) and protein molecules that are bound together. They are classified as VLDL—very-low-density lipoproteins; LDL—low-density lipoproteins; and HDL—high-density lipoproteins. High levels of VLDL and LDL are associated with cholesterol and triglyceride deposits in arteries, which could lead to coronary heart disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.

123
Q

mitral stenosis

A

pathological condition of narrowing of the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) orifice

124
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

Pathological condition that occurs when the leaflets of the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) between the left atrium and left ventricle bulge into the atrium and permit backflow of blood into the atrium. The condition is often associated with progressive mitral regurgitation (blood flows back into the left atrium instead of moving forward into the left ventricle).

125
Q

murmur

A

An abnormal sound ranging from soft and blowing to loud and booming heard on auscultation of the heart and adjacent large blood vessels. Murmurs range from very faint to very loud. They sometimes sound like a whooshing or swishing noise.
Normal heartbeats make a “lub-DUPP” or “lub-DUB” sound. This is the sound of the heart valves closing as blood moves through the heart. Most abnormal murmurs in children are due to congenital heart defects. In adults, abnormal murmurs are most often due to heart valve problems caused by infection, disease, or aging.

126
Q

myocardial

A

pertaining to the heart muscle (myocardium)

127
Q

myocardial infarction

A

Occurs when a focal area of the heart muscle dies or is permanently damaged because of an inadequate supply of oxygen to that area; also known as a heart attack. The most common symptom of a heart attack is angina, which is chest pain often described as a feeling of crushing pressure, fullness, heaviness, or aching in the center of the chest

128
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of the heart muscle that is usually caused by viral, bacteria, or fungal infections that reach the heart

129
Q

occlusion

A

a blockage in a vessel, canal, or passage of the body

130
Q

oximetry

A

Process of measuring the oxygen saturation of blood. A photoelectric medical device (oximeter) measures oxygen saturation of the blood by recording the amount of light transmitted or reflected by deoxygenated versus oxygenated hemoglobin (Hgb). A pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method of indicating the arterial oxygen saturation of functional hemoglobin

131
Q

oxygen

A

colorless, odorless, tasteless gas essential to respiration in animals

132
Q

palpitation

A

an abnormal rapid throbbing or fluttering of the heart that is perceptible to the patient and may be felt by the physician during a physical exam

133
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

A

Use of a balloon-tipped catheter to compress fatty plaques against an artery wall. When successful, the plaques remain compressed, which permits more blood to flow through the artery, therefore providing more oxygen to relieve the symptoms of coronary heart disease

134
Q

pericardial

A

pertaining to the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart

135
Q

pericardiocentesis

A

surgical procedure to remove fluid from the pericardial sac for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes

136
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

137
Q

peripheral artery disease

A

Pathological condition in which fatty deposits build up in the inner linings of the artery walls. These blockages restrict blood circulation, mainly in arteries leading to the kidneys, stomach, arms, legs, and feet.

138
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein

139
Q

phlebotomy

A

medical term used to describe the puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for analysis

140
Q

raynaud phenomenon

A

Disorder that affects the blood vessels in the fingers and toes; it is characterized by intermittent attacks that cause the blood vessels in the digits to constrict. The cause is believed to be the result of vasospasms that decrease blood supply to the respective regions. Emotional stress and cold are classic triggers of the phenomenon, and discoloration follows a characteristic pattern in time: white, blue, and red.

141
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

Pathological condition in which permanent damage to heart valves is a result of a prior episode of rheumatic fever. The heart valve is damaged by a disease process that generally originates with a strep throat caused by streptococcus A bacteria.

142
Q

semilunar

A

valves of the aorta and pulmonary artery; shaped like a crescent

143
Q

septum

A

wall or partition that divides or separates a body space or cavity

144
Q

shock

A

a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow. this can damage multiple organs

145
Q

sinoatrial

A

pertaining to the sinus venous and the atrium

146
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

medical instrument used to measure the arterial blood pressure

147
Q

spider veins

A

dilated blood vessels, typically found in the legs, that radiate from a central point

148
Q

stent

A

medical device made of expandable, metal mesh that is placed at the site of a narrowing artery. the stent is then expanded and left in place to keep the artery open

149
Q

stethoscope

A

medical instrument used to listen to the normal and pathological sounds of the heart, lungs, and other internal organs

150
Q

systole

A

Contractive phase of the heart cycle during which blood is forced into the systemic circulation via the aorta and the pulmonary circulation via the pulmonary artery

151
Q

tachycardia

A

rapid heartbeat that is over 100 beats per minute

152
Q

telangiectasis

A

Vascular lesion formed by dilatation of a group of small blood vessels; can appear as a birthmark or be caused by long-term exposure to the sun.

153
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein associated with the formation of a thrombus (blood clot). If the clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, it poses a potentially life-threatening condition called pulmonary embolism (PE)

154
Q

thrombosis

A

A blood clot within the vascular system; stationary blood clot.

155
Q

tricuspid

A

Valve with three cusps; pertaining to the tricuspid valve

156
Q

triglyceride

A

Pertaining to an organic compound consisting of three molecules of fatty acids

157
Q

valve replacement surgery

A

Surgical replacement of diseased heart valve with an artificial one. There are two types of artificial valves: a mechanical heart valve is made of artificial materials and can usually last a lifetime; a biological heart valve is made from heart valves taken from animals or human cadavers and can wear out over time.

158
Q

valvuloplasty

A

surgical repair of a cardiac valve

159
Q

varicose veins

A

Swollen, dilated, and knotted veins that usually occur in the lower leg(s). They result from a stagnated or sluggish flow of blood in combination with defective valves and weakened walls of the veins.

160
Q

vasoconstrictive

A

causing construction of the blood vessels

161
Q

vasodilator

A

Medicine that acts directly on smooth muscle cells within blood vessels to make them widen (dilate)

162
Q

vasospasm

A

spasm of a blood vessel

163
Q

venipuncture

A

Puncture of a vein for the removal of blood for analysis

164
Q

ventricular

A

pertaining to a cardiac ventricle

165
Q

ACE

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme

166
Q

ACG

A

angiocardiography

167
Q

AED

A

automated external defibrillator

168
Q

AF or AFib

A

atrial fibrillation

169
Q

AMI

A

acute myocardial infarction

170
Q

ARBs

A

ANG-II receptor blockers

171
Q

ASHD

A

arteriosclerotic heart disease

172
Q

AST

A

aspartate aminotransferase

173
Q

AV

A

atrioventricular

174
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

175
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

176
Q

CHD

A

coronary heart disease

177
Q

CHF

A

congestive heart failure

178
Q

Chol

A

cholesterol

179
Q

CK

A

creatine kinase

180
Q

CKD

A

chronic kidney disease

181
Q

CLI

A

critical limb ischemia

182
Q

CMP

A

cardiomyopathy

183
Q

CMS

A

cardiometabolic syndrome

184
Q

CO

A

cardiac output

185
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

186
Q

CTA

A

clear to auscultation

187
Q

CV

A

cardiovascular

188
Q

CVA

A

cardiovascular accident (stroke)

189
Q

CVD

A

Cardiovascular disease

190
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

191
Q

ECC

A

extracorporeal circulation

192
Q

ECG, EKG

A

electrocardiogram

193
Q

ECHO

A

echocardiography

194
Q

EF

A

ejection fraction

195
Q

EPS

A

electrophysiology study

196
Q

FFA

A

free fatty acids

197
Q

heart cath

A

heart catheterization

198
Q

HBP

A

high blood pressure

199
Q

HDL

A

high density lipoprotein

200
Q

HF

A

heart failure

201
Q

Hg

A

mercury

202
Q

Hgb

A

hemoglobin

203
Q

H&L

A

heart and lungs

204
Q

HTN

A

hypertension

205
Q

IV

A

intravenous

206
Q

LD, LDH

A

lactate dehydrogenase

207
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoprotein

208
Q

LV

A

left ventricle

209
Q

LVEF

A

left ventricle ejection fraction

210
Q

MI

A

myocardial infraction

211
Q

mmHg

A

millimeters of mercury

212
Q

MRAs

A

mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists

213
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

214
Q

MS

A

mitral stenosis

215
Q

MV

A

mitral valve

216
Q

MVP

A

mitral valve prolapse

217
Q

NSTEMI

A

non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

218
Q

OPCAB

A

off pumped coronary artery bypass surgery

219
Q

PAD

A

peripheral artery disease

220
Q

PAT

A

paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

221
Q

PE

A

pulmonary embolism

222
Q

PET

A

positron emission topography

223
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

224
Q

RA

A

right atrium

225
Q

RAAS

A

renin angiotensin aldosterone systems

226
Q

RV

A

right ventricle

227
Q

RVEF

A

right ventricular ejection fraction

228
Q

SA

A

sinoatrial (node)

229
Q

SCA

A

sudden cardiac arrest

230
Q

SCD

A

sudden cardiac death

231
Q

STEMI

A

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

232
Q

T2DM

A

type 2 diabetes mellitus

233
Q

TOF

A

tetraology of Fallot

234
Q

tPa, TPA

A

tissue plasminogen activator

235
Q

VLDL

A

very low density lipoprotein

236
Q

VSD

A

ventricular septal defect

med term (18 decks)

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