ch. 8 Flashcards
1
Q
heart
A
The muscular pump that circulates blood through the heart, the lungs (pulmonary circulation), and the rest of the body (systemic circulation)
2
Q
arteries
A
Branching system of vessels that transports blood from the right and left ventricles of the heart to all body parts; transports blood away from the heart
3
Q
veins
A
vessels that transport blood from peripheral tissues back to the heart
4
Q
capillaries
A
Microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules and facilitate passage of life-sustaining fluids containing oxygen and nutrients to cell bodies and removal of accumulated waste and carbon dioxide
5
Q
blood
A
Fluid consisting of formed elements (erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes) and plasma. It is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body’s cells (oxygen, food, salts, hormones) and transports waste products (carbon dioxide, urea, lactic acid) away from those same cells. Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart.
6
Q
endocardium
A
inner lining of the heart
7
Q
myocardium
A
muscular middle layer of the heart
8
Q
pericardium
A
outer membranous sac surrounding the heart
9
Q
atria
A
upper chambers of heart
10
Q
ventricles
A
lower chambers of heart
11
Q
angi/o
A
vessel
12
Q
angin/o
A
to choke
13
Q
arteri/o
A
artery
14
Q
ather/o
A
fatty substance
15
Q
atri/o
A
atrium
16
Q
auscultat/o
A
listen to
17
Q
cardi/o
A
heart
18
Q
chol/e
A
bile
19
Q
circulat/o
A
circular
20
Q
claudicat/o
A
to limp
21
Q
corpor/o
A
body
22
Q
cyan/o
A
dark blue
23
Q
dilat/o
A
to widen
24
Q
dynam/o
A
power
25
embol/o
to cast, to throw
26
glyc/o
sweet, sugar
27
hem/o
blood
28
infarct/o
infarct (necrosis of an area)
29
isch/o
to hold back
30
lipid/o
fat
31
lun/o
moon
32
man/o
thin
33
mitr/o
mitral valve
34
my/o
muscle
35
occlus/o
to close up
36
ox/i
oxygen
37
pector/o
chest
38
phleb/o
vein
39
pulmon/o
lung
40
rrhythm/o
rhythm
41
scler/o
hardening
42
sept/o
a partition
43
sin/o
a curve
44
sphygm/o
pulse
45
sten/o
narrowing
46
steth/o
chest
47
thromb/o
clot
48
valvul/o
valve
49
vas/o
vessel
50
vascul/o
small vessel
51
ventricul/o
ventricle
52
vers/o
turning
53
anastom
opening
54
arter
artery
55
card
heart
56
fibrillat
fibrils (small fibers)
57
log
study
58
oxy
sour, sharp, acid
59
palpitat
throbbing
60
sterol
solid (fat)
61
strict
to draw, to bind
62
tel
end
63
tens
pressure
64
ton
tone
65
anastomosis
Connection of two things that are normally diverging, which can occur naturally in the body; however, in medicine an anastomosis typically refers to a surgical connection between blood vessels or the joining of one hollow or tubular organ to another
66
aneurysm
abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel
67
angina pectoris
chest pain that occurs when a diseased blood vessels restrict blood flow to the hear. it is the most common symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD) and is often referred to as angina
68
angioma
tumor of a blood vessel
69
angioplasty
surgical repair of a blood vessel or a nonsurgical technique for treating diseased arteries by temporarily inflating a tiny balloon inside an artery
70
angiostenosis
pathological condition of the narrowing of a blood vessel
71
arrhythmia
irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heart beat; also called dysrhythmia
72
arterial
pertaining to an artery
73
arteriosclerosis
pathological condition of hardening of arteries
74
arteritis
inflammation of an artery
75
artificial pacemaker
electronic device that stimulates impulse initiation within the heart. it is a small, battery operated device that helps the heart beat in regular rhythm
76
atheroma
tumor of an artery containing a fatty substance
77
atherosclerosis
pathological condition of the arteries characterized by the buildup of fatty substances and hardening of the walls
78
auscultation
method of physical assessment using a stethoscope to listen to sounds within the chest, abdomen, and other parts of the body
79
automated external defibrillator (AED)
Portable automatic device used to restore normal heart rhythm to patients in cardiac arrest. An AED is applied outside the body. It automatically analyzes the patient’s heart rhythm and advises the rescuer whether a shock is needed to restore a normal heartbeat. If the patient’s heart resumes beating normally, the heart has been defibrillated.
80
bicuspid
valve with two cusps; pertaining to the mitral valve
81
bradycardia
abnormally slow heartbeat defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute
82
bruit
pathological noise; a sound of venous or arterial origin heard on auscultation
83
cardiac
pertaining to the heart
84
cardiac arrest
loss of effective heart function, which results in cessation of functional circulation. sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) results in sudden death
85
cardiologist
physician who specializes in the study of the heart
86
cardiology
literally means study of the heart
87
cardiomegaly
enlargement of the heart
88
cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS)
A combination of metabolic dysfunctions mainly characterized by insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia (abnormally elevated cholesterol or fats in the blood), hypertension, and central adiposity (accumulation of fat around the abdominal area)
89
cardiomyopathy (CMP)
disease of the heart muscle that leads to generalized deterioration of the muscle and its pumping ability
90
cardiopulmonary
pertaining to the heart and lungs
91
cardiotonic
a class of medication that is used to increase the tone (pumping strength) of the heart
92
cardiovascular (CV)
pertaining to the heart and small blood vessels
93
cardioversion
Medical procedure used to treat cardiac arrhythmias. An electrical shock is delivered to the heart to restore its normal rhythm. The electrical energy can be delivered externally through electrodes placed on the chest or directly to the heart by placing paddles on the heart during an open chest surgery.
94
cholesterol
a normal, soft, waxy substance found among the lipids in the bloodstream and all body cells. It is the building block of steroid hormones, but it is dangerous when it builds up on arterial walls and can contribute to the risk of coronary heart diease
95
circulation
the moving of the blood in the veins and arteries throughout the body
96
claudication
process of lameness or limping. it is a dull, cramping pain in the hips, thighs, calves, or buttocks caused by an inadequate supply of oxygen to the muscles, die to narrowed arteries
97
constriction
process of drawing together, as in the narrowing of a vessel
98
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Surgical procedure to assist blood flow to the myocardium by using a section of a saphenous vein or internal mammary artery to bypass or reroute blood around an obstructed or occluded coronary artery, thus improving blood flow and oxygen to the heart
99
coronary artery disease (CAD)
Most common form of heart disease; it is a progressive disease that increases the risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack) and sudden death.
CAD usually results from the buildup of fatty material and plaque in the coronary arteries (atherosclerosis). As the coronary arteries narrow, the flow of blood to the heart can slow or stop. Blockage can occur in one or many coronary arteries.
100
cyanosis
abnormal condition of the skin and mucous membranes caused by oxygen deficiency in the blood. the skin, fingernails, and mucous membranes can appear slightly blue or gray
101
defibrillator
medical device used to restore a normal heart rhythm by delivering an electric shock
102
diastole
reaction phase of the heart cycle during which the heart muscle relaxes and the heart chambers fill with blood
103
dysrhythmia
Abnormality of the rhythm or rate of the heartbeat. It is caused by a disturbance of the normal electrical activity within the heart and can be divided into two main groups: tachycardias and bradycardias. Dysrhythmia is also referred to as arrhythmia.
104
embolism
pathological condition caused by obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign substances or a blood clot
105
endarterectomy
surgical excision of the inner lining of an artery
106
endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium, usually involving the heart valves.
107
endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium, usually involving the heart valves.
108
extracorporeal circulation
pertaining to the circulation of the blood outside the body via a heart-lung machine or in hemodialysis
109
fibrillation
quivering or spontaneous contraction of individual muscle fibers; an abnormal bioelectric potential occurring in neuropathies and myopathies; disorganized pathological rhythm that can lead to death if not immediately corrected
110
flutter
Pathological rapid heart rate that may cause cardiac output (CO) to be decreased. With atrial flutter, the heartbeat is 200–400 beats per minute. With ventricular flutter, the heartbeat is 250 beats or more per minute. On an EKG recording, a flutter will demonstrate a “sawtooth” appearance.
111
heart failure
pathological condition in which the heart loses its ability to pump blood efficiently
112
heart-lung transplant
surgical procedure of transferring the heart and lungs from a donor to a patient
113
heart transplant
surgical procedure of transferring the heart from a donor to a patient
114
hemangioma
benign tumor of a blood vessel
115
hemodynamic
the dynamic study of the hearts function and movement of the blood and pressure
116
hyperlipidemia
Abnormally high levels of lipids (fatty substances) in the blood. Lipids include sterols (cholesterol and cholesterol esters), free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (glycerol esters of FFA), and phospholipids (phosphoric acid esters of lipid substances).
117
hypertension
A condition in which the force of blood flowing through the blood vessels is consistently too high; commonly called high blood pressure (HBP)
118
hypotension
low blood pressure
119
infarction
process of development of an infarct, which is death of tissue resulting from obstruction of blood flow
120
ischemia
condition in which there is a lack of oxygen due to decreased blood supply to a part of the body caused by constriction of obstruction of a blood vessel
121
lipoprotein
Fat (lipid) and protein molecules that are bound together. They are classified as VLDL—very-low-density lipoproteins; LDL—low-density lipoproteins; and HDL—high-density lipoproteins. High levels of VLDL and LDL are associated with cholesterol and triglyceride deposits in arteries, which could lead to coronary heart disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.
122
lipoprotein
Fat (lipid) and protein molecules that are bound together. They are classified as VLDL—very-low-density lipoproteins; LDL—low-density lipoproteins; and HDL—high-density lipoproteins. High levels of VLDL and LDL are associated with cholesterol and triglyceride deposits in arteries, which could lead to coronary heart disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.
123
mitral stenosis
pathological condition of narrowing of the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) orifice
124
mitral valve prolapse
Pathological condition that occurs when the leaflets of the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) between the left atrium and left ventricle bulge into the atrium and permit backflow of blood into the atrium. The condition is often associated with progressive mitral regurgitation (blood flows back into the left atrium instead of moving forward into the left ventricle).
125
murmur
An abnormal sound ranging from soft and blowing to loud and booming heard on auscultation of the heart and adjacent large blood vessels. Murmurs range from very faint to very loud. They sometimes sound like a whooshing or swishing noise.
Normal heartbeats make a “lub-DUPP” or “lub-DUB” sound. This is the sound of the heart valves closing as blood moves through the heart. Most abnormal murmurs in children are due to congenital heart defects. In adults, abnormal murmurs are most often due to heart valve problems caused by infection, disease, or aging.
126
myocardial
pertaining to the heart muscle (myocardium)
127
myocardial infarction
Occurs when a focal area of the heart muscle dies or is permanently damaged because of an inadequate supply of oxygen to that area; also known as a heart attack. The most common symptom of a heart attack is angina, which is chest pain often described as a feeling of crushing pressure, fullness, heaviness, or aching in the center of the chest
128
myocarditis
inflammation of the heart muscle that is usually caused by viral, bacteria, or fungal infections that reach the heart
129
occlusion
a blockage in a vessel, canal, or passage of the body
130
oximetry
Process of measuring the oxygen saturation of blood. A photoelectric medical device (oximeter) measures oxygen saturation of the blood by recording the amount of light transmitted or reflected by deoxygenated versus oxygenated hemoglobin (Hgb). A pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method of indicating the arterial oxygen saturation of functional hemoglobin
131
oxygen
colorless, odorless, tasteless gas essential to respiration in animals
132
palpitation
an abnormal rapid throbbing or fluttering of the heart that is perceptible to the patient and may be felt by the physician during a physical exam
133
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Use of a balloon-tipped catheter to compress fatty plaques against an artery wall. When successful, the plaques remain compressed, which permits more blood to flow through the artery, therefore providing more oxygen to relieve the symptoms of coronary heart disease
134
pericardial
pertaining to the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart
135
pericardiocentesis
surgical procedure to remove fluid from the pericardial sac for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes
136
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
137
peripheral artery disease
Pathological condition in which fatty deposits build up in the inner linings of the artery walls. These blockages restrict blood circulation, mainly in arteries leading to the kidneys, stomach, arms, legs, and feet.
138
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
139
phlebotomy
medical term used to describe the puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for analysis
140
raynaud phenomenon
Disorder that affects the blood vessels in the fingers and toes; it is characterized by intermittent attacks that cause the blood vessels in the digits to constrict. The cause is believed to be the result of vasospasms that decrease blood supply to the respective regions. Emotional stress and cold are classic triggers of the phenomenon, and discoloration follows a characteristic pattern in time: white, blue, and red.
141
rheumatic heart disease
Pathological condition in which permanent damage to heart valves is a result of a prior episode of rheumatic fever. The heart valve is damaged by a disease process that generally originates with a strep throat caused by streptococcus A bacteria.
142
semilunar
valves of the aorta and pulmonary artery; shaped like a crescent
143
septum
wall or partition that divides or separates a body space or cavity
144
shock
a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow. this can damage multiple organs
145
sinoatrial
pertaining to the sinus venous and the atrium
146
sphygmomanometer
medical instrument used to measure the arterial blood pressure
147
spider veins
dilated blood vessels, typically found in the legs, that radiate from a central point
148
stent
medical device made of expandable, metal mesh that is placed at the site of a narrowing artery. the stent is then expanded and left in place to keep the artery open
149
stethoscope
medical instrument used to listen to the normal and pathological sounds of the heart, lungs, and other internal organs
150
systole
Contractive phase of the heart cycle during which blood is forced into the systemic circulation via the aorta and the pulmonary circulation via the pulmonary artery
151
tachycardia
rapid heartbeat that is over 100 beats per minute
152
telangiectasis
Vascular lesion formed by dilatation of a group of small blood vessels; can appear as a birthmark or be caused by long-term exposure to the sun.
153
thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with the formation of a thrombus (blood clot). If the clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, it poses a potentially life-threatening condition called pulmonary embolism (PE)
154
thrombosis
A blood clot within the vascular system; stationary blood clot.
155
tricuspid
Valve with three cusps; pertaining to the tricuspid valve
156
triglyceride
Pertaining to an organic compound consisting of three molecules of fatty acids
157
valve replacement surgery
Surgical replacement of diseased heart valve with an artificial one. There are two types of artificial valves: a mechanical heart valve is made of artificial materials and can usually last a lifetime; a biological heart valve is made from heart valves taken from animals or human cadavers and can wear out over time.
158
valvuloplasty
surgical repair of a cardiac valve
159
varicose veins
Swollen, dilated, and knotted veins that usually occur in the lower leg(s). They result from a stagnated or sluggish flow of blood in combination with defective valves and weakened walls of the veins.
160
vasoconstrictive
causing construction of the blood vessels
161
vasodilator
Medicine that acts directly on smooth muscle cells within blood vessels to make them widen (dilate)
162
vasospasm
spasm of a blood vessel
163
venipuncture
Puncture of a vein for the removal of blood for analysis
164
ventricular
pertaining to a cardiac ventricle
165
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme
166
ACG
angiocardiography
167
AED
automated external defibrillator
168
AF or AFib
atrial fibrillation
169
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
170
ARBs
ANG-II receptor blockers
171
ASHD
arteriosclerotic heart disease
172
AST
aspartate aminotransferase
173
AV
atrioventricular
174
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
175
CAD
coronary artery disease
176
CHD
coronary heart disease
177
CHF
congestive heart failure
178
Chol
cholesterol
179
CK
creatine kinase
180
CKD
chronic kidney disease
181
CLI
critical limb ischemia
182
CMP
cardiomyopathy
183
CMS
cardiometabolic syndrome
184
CO
cardiac output
185
CT
computed tomography
186
CTA
clear to auscultation
187
CV
cardiovascular
188
CVA
cardiovascular accident (stroke)
189
CVD
Cardiovascular disease
190
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
191
ECC
extracorporeal circulation
192
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram
193
ECHO
echocardiography
194
EF
ejection fraction
195
EPS
electrophysiology study
196
FFA
free fatty acids
197
heart cath
heart catheterization
198
HBP
high blood pressure
199
HDL
high density lipoprotein
200
HF
heart failure
201
Hg
mercury
202
Hgb
hemoglobin
203
H&L
heart and lungs
204
HTN
hypertension
205
IV
intravenous
206
LD, LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
207
LDL
low density lipoprotein
208
LV
left ventricle
209
LVEF
left ventricle ejection fraction
210
MI
myocardial infraction
211
mmHg
millimeters of mercury
212
MRAs
mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
213
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
214
MS
mitral stenosis
215
MV
mitral valve
216
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
217
NSTEMI
non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
218
OPCAB
off pumped coronary artery bypass surgery
219
PAD
peripheral artery disease
220
PAT
paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
221
PE
pulmonary embolism
222
PET
positron emission topography
223
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
224
RA
right atrium
225
RAAS
renin angiotensin aldosterone systems
226
RV
right ventricle
227
RVEF
right ventricular ejection fraction
228
SA
sinoatrial (node)
229
SCA
sudden cardiac arrest
230
SCD
sudden cardiac death
231
STEMI
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
232
T2DM
type 2 diabetes mellitus
233
TOF
tetraology of Fallot
234
tPa, TPA
tissue plasminogen activator
235
VLDL
very low density lipoprotein
236
VSD
ventricular septal defect
