ch. 8 Flashcards
heart
The muscular pump that circulates blood through the heart, the lungs (pulmonary circulation), and the rest of the body (systemic circulation)
arteries
Branching system of vessels that transports blood from the right and left ventricles of the heart to all body parts; transports blood away from the heart
veins
vessels that transport blood from peripheral tissues back to the heart
capillaries
Microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules and facilitate passage of life-sustaining fluids containing oxygen and nutrients to cell bodies and removal of accumulated waste and carbon dioxide
blood
Fluid consisting of formed elements (erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes) and plasma. It is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body’s cells (oxygen, food, salts, hormones) and transports waste products (carbon dioxide, urea, lactic acid) away from those same cells. Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart.
endocardium
inner lining of the heart
myocardium
muscular middle layer of the heart
pericardium
outer membranous sac surrounding the heart
atria
upper chambers of heart
ventricles
lower chambers of heart
angi/o
vessel
angin/o
to choke
arteri/o
artery
ather/o
fatty substance
atri/o
atrium
auscultat/o
listen to
cardi/o
heart
chol/e
bile
circulat/o
circular
claudicat/o
to limp
corpor/o
body
cyan/o
dark blue
dilat/o
to widen
dynam/o
power
embol/o
to cast, to throw
glyc/o
sweet, sugar
hem/o
blood
infarct/o
infarct (necrosis of an area)
isch/o
to hold back
lipid/o
fat
lun/o
moon
man/o
thin
mitr/o
mitral valve
my/o
muscle
occlus/o
to close up
ox/i
oxygen
pector/o
chest
phleb/o
vein
pulmon/o
lung
rrhythm/o
rhythm
scler/o
hardening
sept/o
a partition
sin/o
a curve
sphygm/o
pulse
sten/o
narrowing
steth/o
chest
thromb/o
clot
valvul/o
valve
vas/o
vessel
vascul/o
small vessel
ventricul/o
ventricle
vers/o
turning
anastom
opening
arter
artery
card
heart
fibrillat
fibrils (small fibers)
log
study
oxy
sour, sharp, acid
palpitat
throbbing
sterol
solid (fat)
strict
to draw, to bind
tel
end
tens
pressure
ton
tone
anastomosis
Connection of two things that are normally diverging, which can occur naturally in the body; however, in medicine an anastomosis typically refers to a surgical connection between blood vessels or the joining of one hollow or tubular organ to another
aneurysm
abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel
angina pectoris
chest pain that occurs when a diseased blood vessels restrict blood flow to the hear. it is the most common symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD) and is often referred to as angina
angioma
tumor of a blood vessel
angioplasty
surgical repair of a blood vessel or a nonsurgical technique for treating diseased arteries by temporarily inflating a tiny balloon inside an artery
angiostenosis
pathological condition of the narrowing of a blood vessel
arrhythmia
irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heart beat; also called dysrhythmia
arterial
pertaining to an artery
arteriosclerosis
pathological condition of hardening of arteries
arteritis
inflammation of an artery
artificial pacemaker
electronic device that stimulates impulse initiation within the heart. it is a small, battery operated device that helps the heart beat in regular rhythm
atheroma
tumor of an artery containing a fatty substance
atherosclerosis
pathological condition of the arteries characterized by the buildup of fatty substances and hardening of the walls
auscultation
method of physical assessment using a stethoscope to listen to sounds within the chest, abdomen, and other parts of the body
automated external defibrillator (AED)
Portable automatic device used to restore normal heart rhythm to patients in cardiac arrest. An AED is applied outside the body. It automatically analyzes the patient’s heart rhythm and advises the rescuer whether a shock is needed to restore a normal heartbeat. If the patient’s heart resumes beating normally, the heart has been defibrillated.
bicuspid
valve with two cusps; pertaining to the mitral valve
bradycardia
abnormally slow heartbeat defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute
bruit
pathological noise; a sound of venous or arterial origin heard on auscultation
cardiac
pertaining to the heart
cardiac arrest
loss of effective heart function, which results in cessation of functional circulation. sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) results in sudden death
cardiologist
physician who specializes in the study of the heart
cardiology
literally means study of the heart
cardiomegaly
enlargement of the heart
cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS)
A combination of metabolic dysfunctions mainly characterized by insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia (abnormally elevated cholesterol or fats in the blood), hypertension, and central adiposity (accumulation of fat around the abdominal area)
cardiomyopathy (CMP)
disease of the heart muscle that leads to generalized deterioration of the muscle and its pumping ability
cardiopulmonary
pertaining to the heart and lungs
cardiotonic
a class of medication that is used to increase the tone (pumping strength) of the heart
cardiovascular (CV)
pertaining to the heart and small blood vessels
cardioversion
Medical procedure used to treat cardiac arrhythmias. An electrical shock is delivered to the heart to restore its normal rhythm. The electrical energy can be delivered externally through electrodes placed on the chest or directly to the heart by placing paddles on the heart during an open chest surgery.
cholesterol
a normal, soft, waxy substance found among the lipids in the bloodstream and all body cells. It is the building block of steroid hormones, but it is dangerous when it builds up on arterial walls and can contribute to the risk of coronary heart diease
circulation
the moving of the blood in the veins and arteries throughout the body
claudication
process of lameness or limping. it is a dull, cramping pain in the hips, thighs, calves, or buttocks caused by an inadequate supply of oxygen to the muscles, die to narrowed arteries
constriction
process of drawing together, as in the narrowing of a vessel
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Surgical procedure to assist blood flow to the myocardium by using a section of a saphenous vein or internal mammary artery to bypass or reroute blood around an obstructed or occluded coronary artery, thus improving blood flow and oxygen to the heart
coronary artery disease (CAD)
Most common form of heart disease; it is a progressive disease that increases the risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack) and sudden death.
CAD usually results from the buildup of fatty material and plaque in the coronary arteries (atherosclerosis). As the coronary arteries narrow, the flow of blood to the heart can slow or stop. Blockage can occur in one or many coronary arteries.
cyanosis
abnormal condition of the skin and mucous membranes caused by oxygen deficiency in the blood. the skin, fingernails, and mucous membranes can appear slightly blue or gray
defibrillator
medical device used to restore a normal heart rhythm by delivering an electric shock
diastole
reaction phase of the heart cycle during which the heart muscle relaxes and the heart chambers fill with blood
dysrhythmia
Abnormality of the rhythm or rate of the heartbeat. It is caused by a disturbance of the normal electrical activity within the heart and can be divided into two main groups: tachycardias and bradycardias. Dysrhythmia is also referred to as arrhythmia.
embolism
pathological condition caused by obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign substances or a blood clot
endarterectomy
surgical excision of the inner lining of an artery
endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium, usually involving the heart valves.
endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium, usually involving the heart valves.
extracorporeal circulation
pertaining to the circulation of the blood outside the body via a heart-lung machine or in hemodialysis
fibrillation
quivering or spontaneous contraction of individual muscle fibers; an abnormal bioelectric potential occurring in neuropathies and myopathies; disorganized pathological rhythm that can lead to death if not immediately corrected
flutter
Pathological rapid heart rate that may cause cardiac output (CO) to be decreased. With atrial flutter, the heartbeat is 200–400 beats per minute. With ventricular flutter, the heartbeat is 250 beats or more per minute. On an EKG recording, a flutter will demonstrate a “sawtooth” appearance.
heart failure
pathological condition in which the heart loses its ability to pump blood efficiently
heart-lung transplant
surgical procedure of transferring the heart and lungs from a donor to a patient
heart transplant
surgical procedure of transferring the heart from a donor to a patient
hemangioma
benign tumor of a blood vessel
hemodynamic
the dynamic study of the hearts function and movement of the blood and pressure
hyperlipidemia
Abnormally high levels of lipids (fatty substances) in the blood. Lipids include sterols (cholesterol and cholesterol esters), free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (glycerol esters of FFA), and phospholipids (phosphoric acid esters of lipid substances).
hypertension
A condition in which the force of blood flowing through the blood vessels is consistently too high; commonly called high blood pressure (HBP)
hypotension
low blood pressure
infarction
process of development of an infarct, which is death of tissue resulting from obstruction of blood flow
ischemia
condition in which there is a lack of oxygen due to decreased blood supply to a part of the body caused by constriction of obstruction of a blood vessel
lipoprotein
Fat (lipid) and protein molecules that are bound together. They are classified as VLDL—very-low-density lipoproteins; LDL—low-density lipoproteins; and HDL—high-density lipoproteins. High levels of VLDL and LDL are associated with cholesterol and triglyceride deposits in arteries, which could lead to coronary heart disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.
lipoprotein
Fat (lipid) and protein molecules that are bound together. They are classified as VLDL—very-low-density lipoproteins; LDL—low-density lipoproteins; and HDL—high-density lipoproteins. High levels of VLDL and LDL are associated with cholesterol and triglyceride deposits in arteries, which could lead to coronary heart disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.
mitral stenosis
pathological condition of narrowing of the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) orifice
mitral valve prolapse
Pathological condition that occurs when the leaflets of the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) between the left atrium and left ventricle bulge into the atrium and permit backflow of blood into the atrium. The condition is often associated with progressive mitral regurgitation (blood flows back into the left atrium instead of moving forward into the left ventricle).
murmur
An abnormal sound ranging from soft and blowing to loud and booming heard on auscultation of the heart and adjacent large blood vessels. Murmurs range from very faint to very loud. They sometimes sound like a whooshing or swishing noise.
Normal heartbeats make a “lub-DUPP” or “lub-DUB” sound. This is the sound of the heart valves closing as blood moves through the heart. Most abnormal murmurs in children are due to congenital heart defects. In adults, abnormal murmurs are most often due to heart valve problems caused by infection, disease, or aging.
myocardial
pertaining to the heart muscle (myocardium)
myocardial infarction
Occurs when a focal area of the heart muscle dies or is permanently damaged because of an inadequate supply of oxygen to that area; also known as a heart attack. The most common symptom of a heart attack is angina, which is chest pain often described as a feeling of crushing pressure, fullness, heaviness, or aching in the center of the chest
myocarditis
inflammation of the heart muscle that is usually caused by viral, bacteria, or fungal infections that reach the heart
occlusion
a blockage in a vessel, canal, or passage of the body
oximetry
Process of measuring the oxygen saturation of blood. A photoelectric medical device (oximeter) measures oxygen saturation of the blood by recording the amount of light transmitted or reflected by deoxygenated versus oxygenated hemoglobin (Hgb). A pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method of indicating the arterial oxygen saturation of functional hemoglobin
oxygen
colorless, odorless, tasteless gas essential to respiration in animals
palpitation
an abnormal rapid throbbing or fluttering of the heart that is perceptible to the patient and may be felt by the physician during a physical exam
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Use of a balloon-tipped catheter to compress fatty plaques against an artery wall. When successful, the plaques remain compressed, which permits more blood to flow through the artery, therefore providing more oxygen to relieve the symptoms of coronary heart disease
pericardial
pertaining to the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart
pericardiocentesis
surgical procedure to remove fluid from the pericardial sac for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
peripheral artery disease
Pathological condition in which fatty deposits build up in the inner linings of the artery walls. These blockages restrict blood circulation, mainly in arteries leading to the kidneys, stomach, arms, legs, and feet.
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
phlebotomy
medical term used to describe the puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for analysis
raynaud phenomenon
Disorder that affects the blood vessels in the fingers and toes; it is characterized by intermittent attacks that cause the blood vessels in the digits to constrict. The cause is believed to be the result of vasospasms that decrease blood supply to the respective regions. Emotional stress and cold are classic triggers of the phenomenon, and discoloration follows a characteristic pattern in time: white, blue, and red.
rheumatic heart disease
Pathological condition in which permanent damage to heart valves is a result of a prior episode of rheumatic fever. The heart valve is damaged by a disease process that generally originates with a strep throat caused by streptococcus A bacteria.
semilunar
valves of the aorta and pulmonary artery; shaped like a crescent
septum
wall or partition that divides or separates a body space or cavity
shock
a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow. this can damage multiple organs
sinoatrial
pertaining to the sinus venous and the atrium
sphygmomanometer
medical instrument used to measure the arterial blood pressure
spider veins
dilated blood vessels, typically found in the legs, that radiate from a central point
stent
medical device made of expandable, metal mesh that is placed at the site of a narrowing artery. the stent is then expanded and left in place to keep the artery open
stethoscope
medical instrument used to listen to the normal and pathological sounds of the heart, lungs, and other internal organs
systole
Contractive phase of the heart cycle during which blood is forced into the systemic circulation via the aorta and the pulmonary circulation via the pulmonary artery
tachycardia
rapid heartbeat that is over 100 beats per minute
telangiectasis
Vascular lesion formed by dilatation of a group of small blood vessels; can appear as a birthmark or be caused by long-term exposure to the sun.
thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with the formation of a thrombus (blood clot). If the clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, it poses a potentially life-threatening condition called pulmonary embolism (PE)
thrombosis
A blood clot within the vascular system; stationary blood clot.
tricuspid
Valve with three cusps; pertaining to the tricuspid valve
triglyceride
Pertaining to an organic compound consisting of three molecules of fatty acids
valve replacement surgery
Surgical replacement of diseased heart valve with an artificial one. There are two types of artificial valves: a mechanical heart valve is made of artificial materials and can usually last a lifetime; a biological heart valve is made from heart valves taken from animals or human cadavers and can wear out over time.
valvuloplasty
surgical repair of a cardiac valve
varicose veins
Swollen, dilated, and knotted veins that usually occur in the lower leg(s). They result from a stagnated or sluggish flow of blood in combination with defective valves and weakened walls of the veins.
vasoconstrictive
causing construction of the blood vessels
vasodilator
Medicine that acts directly on smooth muscle cells within blood vessels to make them widen (dilate)
vasospasm
spasm of a blood vessel
venipuncture
Puncture of a vein for the removal of blood for analysis
ventricular
pertaining to a cardiac ventricle
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACG
angiocardiography
AED
automated external defibrillator
AF or AFib
atrial fibrillation
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
ARBs
ANG-II receptor blockers
ASHD
arteriosclerotic heart disease
AST
aspartate aminotransferase
AV
atrioventricular
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
CAD
coronary artery disease
CHD
coronary heart disease
CHF
congestive heart failure
Chol
cholesterol
CK
creatine kinase
CKD
chronic kidney disease
CLI
critical limb ischemia
CMP
cardiomyopathy
CMS
cardiometabolic syndrome
CO
cardiac output
CT
computed tomography
CTA
clear to auscultation
CV
cardiovascular
CVA
cardiovascular accident (stroke)
CVD
Cardiovascular disease
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
ECC
extracorporeal circulation
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram
ECHO
echocardiography
EF
ejection fraction
EPS
electrophysiology study
FFA
free fatty acids
heart cath
heart catheterization
HBP
high blood pressure
HDL
high density lipoprotein
HF
heart failure
Hg
mercury
Hgb
hemoglobin
H&L
heart and lungs
HTN
hypertension
IV
intravenous
LD, LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
LDL
low density lipoprotein
LV
left ventricle
LVEF
left ventricle ejection fraction
MI
myocardial infraction
mmHg
millimeters of mercury
MRAs
mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
MS
mitral stenosis
MV
mitral valve
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
NSTEMI
non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
OPCAB
off pumped coronary artery bypass surgery
PAD
peripheral artery disease
PAT
paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
PE
pulmonary embolism
PET
positron emission topography
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
RA
right atrium
RAAS
renin angiotensin aldosterone systems
RV
right ventricle
RVEF
right ventricular ejection fraction
SA
sinoatrial (node)
SCA
sudden cardiac arrest
SCD
sudden cardiac death
STEMI
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
T2DM
type 2 diabetes mellitus
TOF
tetraology of Fallot
tPa, TPA
tissue plasminogen activator
VLDL
very low density lipoprotein
VSD
ventricular septal defect
