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Microbiology > Ch.8 Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

Ch.8 Microbial Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetics: the study of —, how they carry —, how information is —, and how genes are —

A
  1. genes
  2. Information
  3. Expressed
  4. Replicated
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2
Q

Chromosomes: structures containing — that physically carry — information; the — contain —

A
  1. DNA
  2. Hereditary Information
  3. Chromosomes contain genes
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3
Q

Genes: Segments of — that encode ——, usually —

A
  1. DNA
  2. Functional products
  3. Proteins
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4
Q

Genome: all the —— in a —

A
  1. Genetic Information
  2. Cell
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5
Q

Genotype:
~ The — makeup of an organism
~ The information that — for all the particular — of the organism
~ ——

A
  1. Genetic
  2. Codes, Characteristics
  3. Potential Properties
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6
Q

Phenotype: — of the genes
~ —, — properties
~ the — of genotype

A
  1. Expression
  2. Actual, Expressed
  3. Manifestation
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7
Q

Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression:
~ — genes are expressed at a — rate
~ Other genes are expressed as needed
* — genes
* — genes
* — repression

A
  1. Constitutive, Fixed
  2. Inductively
  3. Repressive
  4. Catabolite
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8
Q

Pre-transcriptional Control:
~ Repression inhibits —— and decreases ——
* Mediated by —, proteins that block transcription
* Default position of a repressive gene is —

A
  1. Gene Expression, Enzyme Sythesis
  2. Repressors
  3. On
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9
Q

Pre-Transcription Control:
~ Induction turns — gene expression
* Initiated by an —
* Default position for a inducible gene is —

A
  1. On
  2. Inducer
  3. Off
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10
Q

Operon Model of Gene Expression:
~ Promoter: segment of DNA where —— intiates — of structural genes

A
  1. RNA polymerase
  2. Transcription
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11
Q

Operon Model of Gene Expression:
~ Operator: segment of DNA that —— of structural genes

A

Controls transcription

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12
Q

Operon Model of Gene Expression:
~ Operon: set of — and — sites and the structural genes they —

A
  1. Operator & Promoter
  2. Control
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13
Q

Operon Model of Gene Expression:
~ In an inducible operon, structural genes are not — unless an — is present
* In the absence of lactose, the — binds to the —, preventing —
* In the presence of lactose, lactose (inducer) binds to the —; the repressor cannot bind to the — and — occurs

A
  1. Transcribed, Inducer
  2. Repressor, Operator, Transcription
  3. Repressor, Operator, Transcription
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14
Q

Operon Model of Gene Expression:
~ In repressible operons, structural genes are — until they are turned —
* Excess — is a — that binds and activated the repressor to bind to the operator, stopping — synthesis

A
  1. Transcribed, Off
  2. Tryptophan, Corepressor, Tryptophan
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15
Q

Positive Regulation:
~ Catabolite repression: inhibits cells from using — sources other than —

A
  1. carbon
  2. Glucose
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16
Q

Positive Regualtion:
~ Cyclic AMP (cAMP) builds up in a cell when — is not available
~ cAMP binds to the ——, initiating — and allowing the cell to use —

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Lac promoter, Transcription, Lactose
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17
Q

Changes in Genetic Material:
~ Mutation: a — change in the —— of DNA
~ Mutations may be —, —, or —

A
  1. Permanent
  2. Base Sequence
  3. Neutral, Beneficial, or Harmful
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18
Q

Mutagens: agents that ——

A

Cause mutations

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19
Q

Spontaneous Mutations: occur in the absence of a —

A

Mutagen

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20
Q

Types of Mutations:
~ ——: change in one base in DNA

A

Base Substitution (point mutation)

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21
Q

Types of Mutations:
~ ——: Base substitution results in change in an amino acid

A

Missense Mutation

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22
Q

Types of Mutations:
~ ——: Base substitution results in a nonsense (stop) codon

A

Nonsense Mutation

23
Q

Types of Mutations:
~ Frameshift mutation: — or — of one or more — pairs. Shifts the translation “——“

A
  1. Insertion or Deletion
  2. Nucleotide
  3. Reading Frame
24
Q

Chemical Mutagens:
~ Nitrous Acid: causes — to bind with — instead of —

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Cytosine
  3. Thymine
25
Q

Chemical Mutagens:
~ Nucleoside Analog: incorporates into — in place of a ——; causes mistakes in ——

A
  1. DNA
  2. Normal Base
  3. Base Pairing
26
Q

Radiation:
~ Ionizing radiation (X-rays and Gamma Rays) causes the formation of ions that can oxidize — and break the ——— backbone

A
  1. Nucleotides
  2. Deoxyribose-phosphate
27
Q

Radiation:
~ UV radiation cause ——

A

Thymine dimers

28
Q

Radiation:
~ — separate thymine dimers back to the original ——

A
  1. Photolyases
  2. Two Thymines
29
Q

Radiation:
~ Nucleotide excision repair: — cut out incorrect — and fill in correct — from other causes as well

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. Bases
  3. Bases
30
Q

The Frequency of Mutation:
~ Spontaneous mutation rate = 1 in 10^ — replicated base pairs or 1 in 10^ — replicated genes
~ Mutagens increase the mutation rate to per 10 ^ — or 10^ — replicated gene

A
  1. 9
  2. 6
  3. -5, -3
31
Q

Genetic Transfer and Recombination:
~ Genetic Recombination: exchange of — between —— molecules; creates — diversity

A
  1. Genes
  2. Two DNA
  3. Gentic
32
Q

Genetic Transfer and Recombination:
~ Crossing Over: —— break and rejoin, resulting in the insertion of —— into the —

A
  1. Two Chromosomes
  2. Foreign DNA
  3. Chromosome
33
Q

Genetic Transfer and Recombination:
~ Vertical Gene Transfer: transfer of genes from an — to its —

A
  1. Organism
  2. Offspring
34
Q

Genetic Transfer and Recombination:
~ Horizontal gene transfer: transfer of genes between — of the ——

A
  1. Cells
  2. Same Generation
35
Q

Genetic Exchange in Bacteria:
~ Recombinant: any organisms that contained — that — in another organism

A
  1. Genes
  2. Originated
36
Q

Genetic Exchange in Bacteria:
~ DNA transfer between bacterial cells typically involves small pieces of DNA in the form of — or ——

A
  1. Plasmids
  2. Chromosomal Fragments
37
Q

Plasmids:
~ Plasmids are ——— pieces of —
~ 1 to 5% the size of a — chromosome
~ Often code for — that enhance the — of a —

A
  1. Self-replicating circular, DNA
  2. Bacterial
  3. Proteins, Pathogenicity, Bacterium
38
Q

Genetic Exchange in Bacteria:
~ One bacterium donates — to another — is a type of genetic transfer termed —

A
  1. DNA (donor)
  2. Bacterium (recipient)
  3. Recombination
39
Q

Genetic Exchange in Bacteria:
~ —— gives a portion of its total DNA

A

Donor Cells

40
Q

Genetic Exchange in Bacteria:
~ —(——) receive the DNA from donor cell

A

Recipient (competent cells)

41
Q

——— in bacteria involves a portion of the cell’s DNA being transferred from donor to recipient

A

Horizontal Gene Transfer

42
Q

——— occurs during reproduction when genes are passed from an organism to its offspring

A

Vertical Gene Transfer

43
Q

Conjugative Plasmid: carries genes for —— and — of the plasmid

A
  1. Sex pili
  2. Transfer
44
Q

Dissimilation Plasmids: encode — for the — of — compounds

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. Catabolism
  3. Unusual
45
Q

Plasmids:
~ Resistance factors (R factors): encode ——

A

Antibiotic resistance

46
Q

Conjugation in Bacteria:
~ Conjugation: — transferred from one — to another
~ Requires — to — contact via ——

A
  1. Plasmids, Bacterium
  2. Cell-to-Cell, Sex pili
47
Q

Conjugation in Bacteria:
~ Donor cells carry the —(——) and are called — cells
~ — cells contain the — factor on the chromosome

A
  1. Plasmid (F factor), F+
  2. HFR, F
48
Q

Transformation in Bacteria:
~Transformation: genes transferred from one — to another as “ —“ —

A
  1. Bacterium
  2. “Naked” DNa
49
Q

Transduction in Bacteria:
~ DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient via a —

A

Bacteriophage

50
Q

Transduction in Bacteria:
~ Generalized transduction: — bacterial DNA is packaged inside a — and transferred to a — cell

A
  1. Random
  2. Phage
  3. Recipient
51
Q

Transduction in Bacteria:
~ Specialized Transduction: — bacterial genes are packaged inside a — and transferred to a — cell

A
  1. Specific
  2. Phage
  3. Recipient
52
Q

Transposons
~ Transposons are segment of DNA that can — from one — of — to another
~ ——— that code for transposable that cuts and reseal DNA
~ —Transposons carry other genes (e.g. antibiotic resistance)

A
  1. Move, Region, DNA
  2. Contain Insertion Sequences (IS)
  3. Complex
53
Q

Genes and Evolution:
~ Mutations and recombination create ——
~ Diversity is the —— for —
~ Natural selection acts on — of organisms to ensure the — of organisms fit for a particular environment

A
  1. Cell Diversity
  2. Raw Material, Evolution
  3. Populations, Survival

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