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Microbiology > Ch.13 Viruses, Viroids, & Prions > Flashcards

Ch.13 Viruses, Viroids, & Prions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of Viruses:
~ ———: require living host cells to multiply
~ Contain — or —
~ Contain a ——
~ No —
~ No —— mechanisms

A
  1. Obligatory Intracellular Parasites
  2. DNA or RNA
  3. Protein Coat
  4. Ribosomes
  5. ATP-generating
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2
Q

Host Range:
~ The — of —— a virus can infect
~ Most viruses infect only — types of cells in one host
* Determined by specific host —— and ——
~ Bacteriophage, — that ——
~ Range from —nm to —nm in length

A
  1. Spectrum of host cells
  2. Specific
  3. Attachment sites, Cellular Factors
  4. Viruses that infect bacteria
  5. 20nm to 1000nm
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3
Q

Viral Structure:
~ Virion: —, —— viral particle
* Nucleic acid, DNA or RNA can be — or — —; — or —

A
  1. Complete, fully developed
  2. Single or Double Stranded; Linear or Circular
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4
Q

Viral Structure:
~ Capsid: —— made of —

A

Protein coat made of capsomeres (subunits)

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5
Q

Viral Structure:
~ Envelope: —,—, and — coating on some viruses

A

Lipid, protein, and carbohydrate

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6
Q

Viral Structure:
~ Spike: — from ——

A

Projections from outer surface

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7
Q

General Morphology:
~ Helical Viruses:—, ——

A

Hollow, cylindrical capsid

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8
Q

General Morphology:
~ Polyhedral Viruses: ——

A

Many-sided

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9
Q

General Morphology:
~ Complex Viruses: ——

A

Complicated structures

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10
Q

Taxonomy of Viruses:
~ Genus named end in —
~ Family names end in —
~ Order names end in —

A
  1. -virus
  2. -viridae
  3. -ales
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11
Q

Taxonomy of Viruses:
~ Viral Species: a group of viruses sharing the same —— and ——
* Descriptive common names are used for —
* Subspecies are designated by a —

A
  1. Genetic Information & Ecological niche (host)
  2. Species
  3. Number
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12
Q

Growing Bacteriophages in the Lab:
~ Viruses must be grown in — cells
~ Bacteriophages are grown in —
* Bacteriophages form —, which are clearings on a lawn of — on the surface of agar
- Each plaque corresponds to a single virus; can be expressed as ———

A
  1. Living
  2. Bacteria
  3. Plaques, Bacteria
  4. Plaque Forming Units (PFU)
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13
Q

Growing Animal Viruses in the Lab:
~ In — animals
~ In embryonated eggs:
* Virus — into the egg
* Viral growth is signaled by — or — of the embryo

A
  1. Living
  2. Injected
  3. Changes or Death
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14
Q

Viral Multiplication:
~ For a virus to multiply:
* It must invade a ——
* It must take over the ———

A
  1. Host Cell
  2. Host’s Metabolic Machinery
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15
Q

Multiplication of Bacteriophages:
~ Lytic Cycle: phage cause — and — of the ——

A
  1. Lysis
  2. Death
  3. Host Cell
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16
Q

Multiplication of Bacteriophages:
~ Lysogenic Cycle:
*— DNA is incorporated in the — DNA
* — conversion
* Specialized —

A
  1. Phage, Host
  2. Phage
  3. Transduction
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17
Q

T-Even Bacteriophages: The Lytic Cycle
~ Attachment: phage attaches by the —— to the ——

A
  1. Tail Fibers
  2. Host Cell
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18
Q

T-Even Bacteriophages: The Lytic Cycle
~ Penetration: phage — opens the ——; tail sheath contacts to force the —— and — into the cell

A
  1. Lysozyme
  2. Cell Wall
  3. Tail Core
  4. DNA
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19
Q

T-Even Bacteriophage: The Lytic Cycle
~ Biosynthesis: production of —— and —

A
  1. Phage DNA
  2. Proteins
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20
Q

T-Even Bacteriophages: The Lytic Cycle
~ Maturation: assembly of ——

A

Phage Particles

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21
Q

T-Even Bacteriophages: The Lytic Cycle
~ Release: Phage — breaks the ——

A
  1. Lysozyme
  2. Cell Wall
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22
Q

Bacteriophage Lambda: The Lysogenic Cycle
~ Lysogenic: ———

A

Phage remains latent

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23
Q

Bacteriophage Lambda: Lysogenic Cycle
~ Phage DNA incorporates into —— DNA
* Inserted phage DNA is known as a —
* When the host cell replicated its chromosome, it also replicates ——
* Results in ——, the host cell exhibits new properties

A
  1. Host Cell
  2. Prophage
  3. Prophage DNA
  4. Phage Conversion
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24
Q

Bacteriophage Lambda: Lysogenic Cycle
~ Specialized Transduction
* Specific bacterial genes transferred to another bacterium via a —
* Changes —— of the —

A
  1. Phage
  2. Genetic Properties, Bacteria
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25
Q

Multiplication of Animal Viruses:
~ Attachment: viruses attach to the ——

A

Cell membrane

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26
Q

Multiplication of Animal Viruses:
~ Entry by ——— or —

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis or fusion

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27
Q

Multiplication of Animal Viruses:
~ — by viral or host —

A
  1. Uncoating
  2. Enzymes
28
Q

Multiplication Animal Viruses:
~ Biosynthesis: production of —— and —

A

Nucleic acid and proteins

29
Q

MUltiplication of Animal Viruses:
~ Maturation: —— and —— assemble

A

Nucleic acid and capsid proteins

30
Q

Multiplication of Animal Viruses:
~ Release by — or —

A

Budding (enveloped viruses) or rupture

31
Q

The Biosynthesis of DNA Viruses:
~ DNA viruses replicate their DNA in the — of the host using ——
~ Synthesize — in the cytoplasm using host cell —

A
  1. Nucleus, Viral Enzymes
  2. Capsid, Enzymes
32
Q

The Biosynthesis of DNA Viruses:
~ Adenoviridae
* —— DNA, —
* —— in humans
* — in animals

A
  1. Double-Stranded, Enveloped
  2. Respiratory Infections
  3. Tumors
33
Q

The Biosynthesis of DNA Viruses:
~ Poxviridae
* —— DNA, —
* Cause ——: — and — virus

A
  1. Double Stranded, Enveloped
  2. Skin Lesions, Vaccinia & Smallpox (Orthopoxvirus)
34
Q

The Biosynthesis of DNA Viruses:
~ Herpesviridae: —— DNA, —
* HHV & HHV2, ——; causes ——

A
  1. Double stranded, Enveloped
  2. Simplexvirus, Cold Sores
35
Q

The Biosynthesis of DNA Virus:
~ Herpesviridae
* HHV 3, —; causes —

A
  1. Varicellovirus
  2. Chickenpox
36
Q

The Biosynthesis of DNA Virus:
~ Herpesviridae
* HHV4, —; causes —

A
  1. Lymphocryptovirus
  2. Mononucleosis
37
Q

The Biosynthesis of DNA Viruses:
~Herpesviridae
*HHV 5, —

A

Cytomegalovirus

38
Q

The Biosynthesis of DNA Virus:
~ Herpesviridae
* HHV 6 & HHV 7, —

A

Roseolovirus

39
Q

The Biosynthesis of DNA Virus:
~ Herpesviridae
* HHV 8 —, causes ——

A
  1. Rhadinovirus
  2. Kaposi’s Sarcoma
40
Q

The Biosynthesis of DNA Virus:
~ Papovaviridae: —— DNA, —
* Papillomavirus: causes —, can transform — and cause —

A
  1. Double Stranded, Noneveloped
  2. Warts, Cells, Cancer
41
Q

The Biosynthesis of DNA Virus:
~ Hepadnaviridae: —— DNA, —
* —— Virus
* Use ——- to make DNA from RNA

A
  1. Double Stranded, Enveloped
  2. Hepatitis B
  3. Reverse Transcriptase
42
Q

The Biosynthesis of RNA Viruses:
~ Virus multiplies in the host cell’s — using ————

A
  1. Cytoplasm
  2. RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase
43
Q

The Biosynthesis of RNA Virus:
~ ssRNA; +(sense) Strand
* Viral RNA serves as — for ——

A
  1. mRNA
  2. Protein Synthesis
44
Q

The Biosynthesis of RNA Viruses:
~ ssRNA; - (antisense) strand
* Viral RNA is transcribed to a — strand to serve as — for ——
~ dsRNA; ———

A
  1. +
  2. mRNA
  3. Protein Synthesis
  4. Double Stranded RNA
45
Q

The Biosynthesis of RNA Viruses:
~ Picornaviridae: —— RNA, — strand, —
* —: poliovirus and coxsackievirus
* —: common cold
* —— virus

A
  1. Single Stranded, +, Noneveloped
  2. Enterovirus
  3. Rhinovirus
  4. Hepatitis A
46
Q

The Biosynthesis of RNA Virus:
~ Togaviridae: —— RNA, — strand, —
* —: transmitted by arthropods; includes chikugunya
* —: rubella

A
  1. Single Stranded, +, enveloped
  2. Alpha virus
  3. Rubivirus
47
Q

The Biosynthesis of RNA Viruses:
~ Rhabdoviridae: —— RNA, — strand, — RNA strand
* —: rabies
* Numerous — diseases

A
  1. Single Stranded, -, One
  2. Lyssavirus
  3. Animal
48
Q

The Biosynthesis of RNA Virus:
~ Reoviridae: —— RNA, —
* —
* —

A
  1. Double-Stranded, Noneveloped
  2. Reovirus (respiratory enteric orphan)
  3. Rotavirus (mild respiratory infections and gastroenteritis)
49
Q

Biosynthesis of RNA Viruses That Use DNA:
~ —— RNA, produce —
* Use —— to produce DNA from the viral genome
- Viral DNA integration into the host chromosome as a —

A
  1. Single Stranded, DNA
  2. Reverse Transcriptase
  3. Provirus
50
Q

Biosynthesis of RNA Viruses That Use DNA:
~ —— RNA, produce —
* —: —(HIV), oncovirus

A
  1. Single Stranded, DNA
  2. Retroviridae, Lentivirus
51
Q

Viruses and Cancer:
~ Severall types of cancer are caused by viruses
* May develop long after a ——
* Cancers caused by viruses are not —

A
  1. Viral Infection
  2. Contagious
52
Q

Sarcoma: cancer of ——

A

Connective Tissue

53
Q

Adenocarcinomas: cancers of ———

A

Glandular Epithelial Tissue

54
Q

Oncogenes transform — cells into — cells

A
  1. Normal
  2. Cancerous
55
Q

Oncogenic viruses become — into the host cells — and induce —

A
  1. Integrated
  2. DNA
  3. Tumors
56
Q

A transformed cell harbors a ———— on the surface and a —— in the nucleus

A
  1. Tumor Specific Antigen (TSTA)
  2. T antigen
57
Q

DNA Oncogenic Viruses:
~ —-
~ —: Epstein-Barr Virus
~ —
~ —: human papillomavirus
~ —: Hepatitis B virus

A
  1. Adenoviridae
  2. Herpesviridae
  3. Poxviridae
  4. Papoviridae
  5. Hepadnaviridae
58
Q

RNA Oncogenic Virus:
~ Retroviridae: viral RNA is transcribed to —, which can integrate into — DNA
* HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 cause adult ——— and —

A
  1. DNA, Host
  2. T-cell Leukemia and Lymphoma
59
Q

Latent virus remain in — host cell for — periods
* May reactivate due to changes in —
~ ——, —

A
  1. Asymptomatic, Long
  2. Immunity
  3. Cold sores, shingles
60
Q

A ——— occurs gradually over a long period; is generally fatal
* ——— (measles virus)

A
  1. Persistent Viral Infection
  2. Subacute Sclerosing Panecephalitis
61
Q

Prions:
~ P— I— P—
~ Inherited and transmissible by —,—, and ——
~ Spongiform Encephalopathies
* “———“, ———, ————, ———, ——

A
  1. Proteinaceous Infectious Particles
  2. Ingestion, Transplant, and Surgical Instruments
  3. Mad Cow Disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Diseases (CJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome, Fatal Familial Insomnia, Sheep Scrapie
62
Q

Prions:
~ PrP^c: normal cellular ——, on the ——

A
  1. Prion Protein
  2. Cell Surface
63
Q

Prions:
~ PrP^Sc: ——; accumulates in ——, forming —

A
  1. Scrapie Protein
  2. Brain Cells
  3. Plaques
64
Q

Plant Viruses: enter through — or via —
* Plant cells are generally protected from disease by an ———

A
  1. Wounds, Insects
  2. Impermeable Cell Wall
65
Q

Viroids: — pieces of ——
* Cause ——— disease

A
  1. Short, Naked RNA
  2. Potato Spindle Tuber Disease

Microbiology (15 decks)

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