Ch.4 Anatomy Of Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
Prokaryotes:
~ Come from the greek words for —
~ One — chromosome, not in a membrane
~ No — & —
~ Bacteria: — cell well
~ Archaea: — cell wall
~ Divides by ——
- Prenucleus
- Circular
- Histone & Organelles
- Peptidoglycan
- Pseudomurein
- Binary Fission
Eukaryotes:
~ Comes from the Greek words ——
~ — chromosomes, in a ——
~ Has — & —
~ — cell walls, when present
~ Divides by —
- True Nucleus
- Paired
- Nuclear Membrane
- Histones & Organelles
- Polysaccharide
- Mitosis
Size, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells:
~ Average size: — to — diameter x — to — length
~ Most Bacteria are —
~ A few are —
- 0.2 to 2.0 nanometers
- 2 to 8 nanometers
- Monomorphic (single shape)
- Pleomorphic (many shapes)
Shapes of Bacterial cells:
~ — (rod shaped)
~ — (spherical)
~ Spiral
* —,—, —
* ——
* —
- Bacillus
- Coccus
- Vibrio, spirillum, spirochete
- Star-Shaped
- Rectangulat
Arrangement of Bacterial Cells:
~ Pairs: —,—
~ Clusters: —
~ Chains: —,—
~Groups of fours: —
~ Cube-like groups of eight: —
- Diplococci, diplobacilli
- Staphylococci
- Streptococci, streptobacilli
- Tetrads
- Sarcinae
Glycocalyx:
~ — to cell wall
~ — and —
~ Made of — and/or —
~ Contribute to virulence
* Capsules prevent —
* Extracellular polymeric substance helps form —
~ Two Types:
* —: neatly organized and firmly attached
* —: unorganized and loose
- External
- Viscous & Gelatinous
- Phagocytosis
- Biofilm
- Capsule
- Slime Layer
Flagella:
~ — appendages — of the cell
~ — bacteria
~ Made of ——
~ Three parts:
* —: outermost region
* —: attaches to the filament
* ——: consists of rod and pairs of rings; anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane
- Filamentous
- External
- Propel
- Protein Flagellin
- Filament
- Hook
- Basal Body
—: Single flagellum at one pole
Monotrichus
—: single (or more than one) flagellum at each pole
Amphitrichous
—: two or more flagella at one pole
Lophotrichous
—: Flagella all over the surface of the cell
Peritrichous
Flagella:
~ Flagella allows bacteria to move toward or away from —(—)
~ Flagella — to “run” or “tumble”
~ Flagella proteins are — — and distinguish among —
- Stimuli (Taxis)
- Rotate
- H Antigens
- Serovars
Axial Filaments:
~ Also called —
~ Found in —
~ Anchored at — end of a cell
~ Rotation causes cell to move like a —
- Endoflagella
- Spirochetes
- One
- Corkscrew
Fimbriae: — appendages that allow for —
- Hairlike
- Attachment
Pilli:
~ Involved in —
~ — pili involved in — transfer from one cell to another
- Motility
- Conjugation
- DNA
The Cell Wall:
~ Prevents ——and — the cell membrane
~ Made of — (in bacteria)
~ Contributes to —
- Osmotic Lysis
- Protects
- Peptidoglycan
- Pathogenicity
Peptidoglycan:
~ — of a repeating — in rows:
* ——
* ——
* Rows are linked by —
- Polymer
- Disaccharide
- N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
- N-acetylmuramic Acid (NAM)
- Polypeptides
Gram-Positive Cell Walls:
~ — peptidoglycan
~ Teichoic Acids:
* — acid links cell wall to plasma membrane
* Wall teichoic acid links the —
* Carry a — charge
* Regulate movement of —
~ Polysaccharides and teichoic acids provide ——
- Thick
- Lipoteichoic
- Petidoglycan
- Negative
- Cations
- Antigenic specifity
D-amino acid can naturally be found in petidoglycan bacteria cell wall:
True or False
True
Gram-Negative Cell Walls:
~ — petidoglycan
~ — membrane
~ — space
~ Periplasm — the outer membrane and the plasma membrane contains —
~ Outer membrane made of —, —, and —
- Thin
- Outer
- Periplasmic
- Between
- Peptidoglycan
- Polysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids
Gram Negative Cell Walls:
~ Protect from —, —, and —
~ Made of Lipolysaccharides (LPS)
* —— function as —
* — connects o-antigen to lipid A. Comprised of a — chain of —
* Lipid A is an — embedded in the top lay. Lipid A anchors — to outer membrane
~ Porins (proteins) form — through membrane
- Phagocytes, Complement, & Antibiotics
- O polysaccharide
- Antigen
- Core
- Short
- Sugars
- Endotoxin
- LPS
- Channels
Cell Walls and the Gram Stain Mechanism:
~ ——- crystals form inside cell
~ Gram Positive
* Alcohol — peptidoglycan
* ——— do not leave
~ Gram Negative
* Alcohol — outer membrane and leaves holes in petidoglycan
* CV-I washes out; cells are —
* — added to stain cells
- Crystal Violet-Iodine
- Dehydrates
- CV-I Crystals
- Dissolves
- Colorless
- Safranin
Atypical Cell Walls:
~ Acid-Fast Cell Walls
* Like gram — cell walls
* —— (——) bound to peptidoglycan
* —
* —
* Stain with —
- Positive
- Waxy Lipid (Mycolic Acid)
- Mycobacterium
- Nocardia
- Carbolfuchsin
Atypical Cell Walls:
~ Mycoplasmas
* Lack ——
* — in plasma membrane
~ Archaea
* —— or
* Wall of —
- Cell Walls
- Sterols
- Wall-less
- Pseudomurein
Damage to the Cell Wall:
~ — hydrolyzes bonds in petidoglycan
~ — inhibits — bridges in peptidoglycan
~ — is a wall-less gram positive cell
~ — is a wall-less gram negative cell
*— and — are susceptible to osmotic lysis
~ —— are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes
- Lysozyme
- Penicillin
- Peptide
- Protoplasts
- Spheroplast
- Protoplasts & Spheroplast
- L Forms
The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane:
~ —— that encloses the cytoplasm
~ —— on the membrane surface
~ — and — proteins penetrate the membrane
~ The plasma membrane’s —— allows the passage of some molecules, but not others
~ Contain enzymes for — production
- Phospholipid Bilayer
- Peripheral Proteins
- Integral & Transmembrane
- Selective Permeability
- ATP
The Nucleoid:
~ The nucleoid is the region of a prokaryotic cell that contains the cell’s ——
~ Bacterial Chromosome: —— of DNA that contain the cell’s — information
~ Plasmids: — genetic elements carry —— genes
- Genetic Information
- Circular Thread
- Genetic
- Extra chromosomal
- Non-crucial
The Prokaryotic Ribosomes:
~ Sites of ——
~ Made of — and ——
~ —S
* 50s + 30S subunits
- Protein Synthesis
- Protein
- Ribosomal RNA
- 70
Inclusions:
~ Within the cytoplasm of — cells are several kinds of ——, known as inclusions
~ Cells may accumulate certain nutrients when they are — and use them when the environment is —
- Prokaryotic
- Reserve Deposits
- Plentiful
- Deficient
Endospores:
~ ——, produced when nutrients are depleted
~ Resistant to —, —, —, and —
~ Produced by — and —
~ Sporulation: ——
~ Germination: endospore returns to ——
- Resting Cells
- Desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation
- Endospore Formation
- Vegetative State
Flagella & Cilia:
~ Projections used for — or — substances along the cell surfaces
~ Flagella: — projections; — in number
~ Cilia: — projections; —
- Locomotion
- Moving Substances
- Long
- Few
- Short
- Numerous
Flagella & Cilia:
~ Both consists of — made of the protein —
~ Microtubules are organized as —— in a ring, plus — microtubules in the center ( —+— array)
~ Allow flagella to move in a — manner
- Microtubules
- Tubules
- Nine
- Two
- 9 + 2
- Wavelike
The Cell Wall and Glycocalyx:
~ Cell Wall
*Found in —, —, and —
* Made of —
~ Glycocalyx
* — bond to — and — in the plasma membrane
* Found in — cells
- Plants, Algae, and Fungi
- Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Animal
The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane:
~ Similar in structure to — cell membranes
* ——
* — and — proteins
~ Difference in Structure
* —, complex —
* — for — and ——— recognition
- Prokaryotic
- Phospholipid Bilayer
- Integral & Peripheral
- Sterols
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
- Attachment
- Cell-to-Cell
The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane:
~ Similar in function to prokaryotic cell membranes
* ——
~ Differences in function
* Endocytosis: — and —
* Phagocytosis: — extend and — particles
* Pinocytosis: membrane folds —, bringing in — and — substances
- Selective Permeability
- Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis
- Pseudopods
- Engulf
Ribosomes:
~Sites of ——
~ —S
* Consists of the large —S subunit and the small —S subunit
* Membrane-Bound: attached to ——
* Free: in —
~ 70 S
* In — and —
- Protein Synthesis
- 80
- 60
- 40
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Cytoplasm
- Chloroplasts
- Mitochondria
