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Microbiology > Ch.4 Anatomy Of Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Ch.4 Anatomy Of Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes:
~ Come from the greek words for —
~ One — chromosome, not in a membrane
~ No — & —
~ Bacteria: — cell well
~ Archaea: — cell wall
~ Divides by ——

A
  1. Prenucleus
  2. Circular
  3. Histone & Organelles
  4. Peptidoglycan
  5. Pseudomurein
  6. Binary Fission
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2
Q

Eukaryotes:
~ Comes from the Greek words ——
~ — chromosomes, in a ——
~ Has — & —
~ — cell walls, when present
~ Divides by —

A
  1. True Nucleus
  2. Paired
  3. Nuclear Membrane
  4. Histones & Organelles
  5. Polysaccharide
  6. Mitosis
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3
Q

Size, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells:
~ Average size: — to — diameter x — to — length
~ Most Bacteria are —
~ A few are —

A
  1. 0.2 to 2.0 nanometers
  2. 2 to 8 nanometers
  3. Monomorphic (single shape)
  4. Pleomorphic (many shapes)
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4
Q

Shapes of Bacterial cells:
~ — (rod shaped)
~ — (spherical)
~ Spiral
* —,—, —
* ——
* —

A
  1. Bacillus
  2. Coccus
  3. Vibrio, spirillum, spirochete
  4. Star-Shaped
  5. Rectangulat
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5
Q

Arrangement of Bacterial Cells:
~ Pairs: —,—
~ Clusters: —
~ Chains: —,—
~Groups of fours: —
~ Cube-like groups of eight: —

A
  1. Diplococci, diplobacilli
  2. Staphylococci
  3. Streptococci, streptobacilli
  4. Tetrads
  5. Sarcinae
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6
Q

Glycocalyx:
~ — to cell wall
~ — and —
~ Made of — and/or —
~ Contribute to virulence
* Capsules prevent —
* Extracellular polymeric substance helps form —
~ Two Types:
* —: neatly organized and firmly attached
* —: unorganized and loose

A
  1. External
  2. Viscous & Gelatinous
  3. Phagocytosis
  4. Biofilm
  5. Capsule
  6. Slime Layer
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7
Q

Flagella:
~ — appendages — of the cell
~ — bacteria
~ Made of ——
~ Three parts:
* —: outermost region
* —: attaches to the filament
* ——: consists of rod and pairs of rings; anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane

A
  1. Filamentous
  2. External
  3. Propel
  4. Protein Flagellin
  5. Filament
  6. Hook
  7. Basal Body
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8
Q

—: Single flagellum at one pole

A

Monotrichus

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9
Q

—: single (or more than one) flagellum at each pole

A

Amphitrichous

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10
Q

—: two or more flagella at one pole

A

Lophotrichous

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11
Q

—: Flagella all over the surface of the cell

A

Peritrichous

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12
Q

Flagella:
~ Flagella allows bacteria to move toward or away from —(—)
~ Flagella — to “run” or “tumble”
~ Flagella proteins are — — and distinguish among —

A
  1. Stimuli (Taxis)
  2. Rotate
  3. H Antigens
  4. Serovars
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13
Q

Axial Filaments:
~ Also called —
~ Found in —
~ Anchored at — end of a cell
~ Rotation causes cell to move like a —

A
  1. Endoflagella
  2. Spirochetes
  3. One
  4. Corkscrew
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14
Q

Fimbriae: — appendages that allow for —

A
  1. Hairlike
  2. Attachment
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15
Q

Pilli:
~ Involved in —
~ — pili involved in — transfer from one cell to another

A
  1. Motility
  2. Conjugation
  3. DNA
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16
Q

The Cell Wall:
~ Prevents ——and — the cell membrane
~ Made of — (in bacteria)
~ Contributes to —

A
  1. Osmotic Lysis
  2. Protects
  3. Peptidoglycan
  4. Pathogenicity
17
Q

Peptidoglycan:
~ — of a repeating — in rows:
* ——
* ——
* Rows are linked by —

A
  1. Polymer
  2. Disaccharide
  3. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
  4. N-acetylmuramic Acid (NAM)
  5. Polypeptides
18
Q

Gram-Positive Cell Walls:
~ — peptidoglycan
~ Teichoic Acids:
* — acid links cell wall to plasma membrane
* Wall teichoic acid links the —
* Carry a — charge
* Regulate movement of —
~ Polysaccharides and teichoic acids provide ——

A
  1. Thick
  2. Lipoteichoic
  3. Petidoglycan
  4. Negative
  5. Cations
  6. Antigenic specifity
19
Q

D-amino acid can naturally be found in petidoglycan bacteria cell wall:
True or False

A

True

20
Q

Gram-Negative Cell Walls:
~ — petidoglycan
~ — membrane
~ — space
~ Periplasm — the outer membrane and the plasma membrane contains —
~ Outer membrane made of —, —, and —

A
  1. Thin
  2. Outer
  3. Periplasmic
  4. Between
  5. Peptidoglycan
  6. Polysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids
21
Q

Gram Negative Cell Walls:
~ Protect from —, —, and —
~ Made of Lipolysaccharides (LPS)
* —— function as —
* — connects o-antigen to lipid A. Comprised of a — chain of —
* Lipid A is an — embedded in the top lay. Lipid A anchors — to outer membrane
~ Porins (proteins) form — through membrane

A
  1. Phagocytes, Complement, & Antibiotics
  2. O polysaccharide
  3. Antigen
  4. Core
  5. Short
  6. Sugars
  7. Endotoxin
  8. LPS
  9. Channels
22
Q

Cell Walls and the Gram Stain Mechanism:
~ ——- crystals form inside cell
~ Gram Positive
* Alcohol — peptidoglycan
* ——— do not leave
~ Gram Negative
* Alcohol — outer membrane and leaves holes in petidoglycan
* CV-I washes out; cells are —
* — added to stain cells

A
  1. Crystal Violet-Iodine
  2. Dehydrates
  3. CV-I Crystals
  4. Dissolves
  5. Colorless
  6. Safranin
23
Q

Atypical Cell Walls:
~ Acid-Fast Cell Walls
* Like gram — cell walls
* —— (——) bound to peptidoglycan
* —
* —
* Stain with —

A
  1. Positive
  2. Waxy Lipid (Mycolic Acid)
  3. Mycobacterium
  4. Nocardia
  5. Carbolfuchsin
24
Q

Atypical Cell Walls:
~ Mycoplasmas
* Lack ——
* — in plasma membrane
~ Archaea
* —— or
* Wall of —

A
  1. Cell Walls
  2. Sterols
  3. Wall-less
  4. Pseudomurein
25
Q

Damage to the Cell Wall:
~ — hydrolyzes bonds in petidoglycan
~ — inhibits — bridges in peptidoglycan
~ — is a wall-less gram positive cell
~ — is a wall-less gram negative cell
*— and — are susceptible to osmotic lysis
~ —— are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes

A
  1. Lysozyme
  2. Penicillin
  3. Peptide
  4. Protoplasts
  5. Spheroplast
  6. Protoplasts & Spheroplast
  7. L Forms
26
Q

The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane:
~ —— that encloses the cytoplasm
~ —— on the membrane surface
~ — and — proteins penetrate the membrane
~ The plasma membrane’s —— allows the passage of some molecules, but not others
~ Contain enzymes for — production

A
  1. Phospholipid Bilayer
  2. Peripheral Proteins
  3. Integral & Transmembrane
  4. Selective Permeability
  5. ATP
27
Q

The Nucleoid:
~ The nucleoid is the region of a prokaryotic cell that contains the cell’s ——
~ Bacterial Chromosome: —— of DNA that contain the cell’s — information
~ Plasmids: — genetic elements carry —— genes

A
  1. Genetic Information
  2. Circular Thread
  3. Genetic
  4. Extra chromosomal
  5. Non-crucial
28
Q

The Prokaryotic Ribosomes:
~ Sites of ——
~ Made of — and ——
~ —S
* 50s + 30S subunits

A
  1. Protein Synthesis
  2. Protein
  3. Ribosomal RNA
  4. 70
29
Q

Inclusions:
~ Within the cytoplasm of — cells are several kinds of ——, known as inclusions
~ Cells may accumulate certain nutrients when they are — and use them when the environment is —

A
  1. Prokaryotic
  2. Reserve Deposits
  3. Plentiful
  4. Deficient
30
Q

Endospores:
~ ——, produced when nutrients are depleted
~ Resistant to —, —, —, and —
~ Produced by — and —
~ Sporulation: ——
~ Germination: endospore returns to ——

A
  1. Resting Cells
  2. Desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation
  3. Endospore Formation
  4. Vegetative State
31
Q

Flagella & Cilia:
~ Projections used for — or — substances along the cell surfaces
~ Flagella: — projections; — in number
~ Cilia: — projections; —

A
  1. Locomotion
  2. Moving Substances
  3. Long
  4. Few
  5. Short
  6. Numerous
32
Q

Flagella & Cilia:
~ Both consists of — made of the protein —
~ Microtubules are organized as —— in a ring, plus — microtubules in the center ( —+— array)
~ Allow flagella to move in a — manner

A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Tubules
  3. Nine
  4. Two
  5. 9 + 2
  6. Wavelike
33
Q

The Cell Wall and Glycocalyx:
~ Cell Wall
*Found in —, —, and —
* Made of —
~ Glycocalyx
* — bond to — and — in the plasma membrane
* Found in — cells

A
  1. Plants, Algae, and Fungi
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Carbohydrates
  4. Proteins
  5. Lipids
  6. Animal
34
Q

The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane:
~ Similar in structure to — cell membranes
* ——
* — and — proteins
~ Difference in Structure
* —, complex —
* — for — and ——— recognition

A
  1. Prokaryotic
  2. Phospholipid Bilayer
  3. Integral & Peripheral
  4. Sterols
  5. Lipids
  6. Carbohydrates
  7. Attachment
  8. Cell-to-Cell
35
Q

The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane:
~ Similar in function to prokaryotic cell membranes
* ——
~ Differences in function
* Endocytosis: — and —
* Phagocytosis: — extend and — particles
* Pinocytosis: membrane folds —, bringing in — and — substances

A
  1. Selective Permeability
  2. Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis
  3. Pseudopods
  4. Engulf
36
Q

Ribosomes:
~Sites of ——
~ —S
* Consists of the large —S subunit and the small —S subunit
* Membrane-Bound: attached to ——
* Free: in —
~ 70 S
* In — and —

A
  1. Protein Synthesis
  2. 80
  3. 60
  4. 40
  5. Endoplasmic Reticulum
  6. Cytoplasm
  7. Chloroplasts
  8. Mitochondria

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