Ch.1 Microbial World & You Flashcards

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1
Q

— are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

A

Microorganisms

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2
Q

Microbes include —,—,—,——, and —

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Fungi
  3. Protozoa
  4. Microscopic Algae
  5. Viruses
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3
Q

A few microbes are pathogenic (——)

A

Disease producing

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4
Q

Microbes can decompose ——

A

Organic Waste

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5
Q

Microbes generate — by —

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Photosynthesis
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6
Q

Microbes produce chemical products such as —,—, and —

A
  1. Ethanol
  2. Acetone
  3. Vitamins
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7
Q

Microbes produce fermented food such —,—, and —

A

Vinegar, cheese, and bread

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8
Q

Microbes produce products used in — (e.g cellulose) and —— (e.g. insulin)

A
  1. Manufacturing
  2. Disease Treatment
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9
Q

Bacteria:
~ —
* “Prenucleus”
~ ——
~ — cell walls
~ Divide via ——
~ Derive — from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis

A
  1. Prokaryotes
  2. Single-Celled
  3. Peptidoglycan
  4. Binary Fission
  5. Nutrition
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10
Q

Archaea:
~ —
~ Lack — cell walls
~ Often live in — environments
~ Include:
* —, ——, ——

A
  1. Prokaryotes
  2. Peptidoglycan
  3. Extreme
  4. Methanogens, Extreme halophiles, Extreme thermophiles
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11
Q

Fungi:
~ —
* Distinct Nucleus
~ — cell walls
~ Absorb —— for energy
~ Yeasts are —
~ Molds and mushrooms are —
* Molds consist of masses of —, which are composed of filaments called —

A
  1. Eukaryotes
  2. Chitin
  3. Organic chemicals
  4. Unicellular
  5. Multicellular
  6. Mycelia
  7. Hyphae
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12
Q

Protozoa:
~ —
~ Absorb or ingest ——
~ May be — via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
~ —— or — (derive nutrients from a living host)

A
  1. Eukaryotes
  2. Organic Chemicals
  3. Motile
  4. Free-living or Parasitic
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13
Q

Bioremediation:
~ Bacteria degrade —— in sewage
~ Bacteria — or — pollutants such as oil and mercury

A
  1. Organic matter
  2. Degrade or Detoxify
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14
Q

Algae:
~ —
~ — cell walls
~ Found in —,—, & —
~ Use — for energy
~ Produce — and —

A
  1. Eukaryotes
  2. Cellulose
  3. Freshwater, saltwater, and soil
  4. Oxygen and Carbohydrates
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15
Q

Viruses:
~ —
~ Consist of — or — core
~ Core is surrounded by a ——
~ Coat may be enclosed in a ——
~ Are replicated only when they are in a ———
~ Inert — living hosts

A
  1. Acellular
  2. DNA or RNA
  3. Protein Coat
  4. Lipid Envelope
  5. Living host cell
  6. Outside
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16
Q

Three domains based on cellular organization:
~ —
~ —
~ —
* —,—,—,—

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
  4. Protists, fungi, plants, animals
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17
Q

— is the study of of bacteria

A

Bacteriology

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18
Q

— is the study of fungi

A

Mycology

19
Q

— is the study of viruses

A

Virology

20
Q

— is the study of algae

A

Phycology

21
Q

— is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms

A

Parasitology

22
Q

The First Observations:
~ 1665: —— reported that living things are composed of little boxes, or “—“
* Marked the beginning of ——: all living things are composed of cells
~ The first microbes were observed from 1623-1673 by ———
* “—“ viewed through magnifying lenses

A
  1. Robert Hooke
  2. Cells
  3. Cell theory
  4. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  5. Animalcules
23
Q

Spontaneous Generation: the hypothesis that life arise from —— matter; a “vital force” is necessary for life

A

No living

24
Q

Biogenesis: the hypothesis that — cells arise only from — living cells

A
  1. Living
  2. Preexisting
25
Q

The Golden Age of Microbiology:
~ 1857-1914
~ Beginning with — work, discoveries include the relationship between — and —, — and ——

A
  1. Pasteur’ s
  2. Microbes and disease
  3. Immunity
  4. Anti microbial drugs
26
Q

The Golden Age of Microbiology:
~ Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for —
~ Fermentation is the microbial conversion of — to — in the absence of —
~ Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food and beverages
~ Bacteria that use air spoil wine by turning it into — (acetic acid)

A
  1. Fermentation
  2. Sugar
  3. Alcohol
  4. Air
  5. Vinegar
27
Q

The Golden Age of Microbiology:
~ Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by — that was not — enough to — the alcohol in wine
~ Pasteurization is the application of a —— for a — time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages

A
  1. Heat
  2. Hot
  3. Evaporate
  4. High heat
  5. Short
28
Q

—— (1822-1895)
~ Demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

A

Louis Pasteur

29
Q

—— (1827-1912)
~ Performed surgery under aseptic conditions using phenol. Proved that microbes caused surgical wound infections

A

Joseph Lister

30
Q

—— (1843-1910)
~ Established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease

A

Robert Koch

31
Q

Treatment of disease with chemicals is called —

A

Chemotherapy

32
Q

Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be —— or —

A
  1. Synthetic Drugs
  2. Antibiotics
33
Q

Antibiotics are chemicals produced by — and — that inhibit or kill other —

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Fungi
  3. Microbes
34
Q

—— have made it possible to study the structure of viruses in detail

A

Electron Microscopes

35
Q

——: the study of how microbes inherit traits

A

Microbial Genetics

36
Q

——: the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

A

Molecular Biology

37
Q

—: the study of an organisms genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

A

Genomics

38
Q

——: DNA made from two different sources

A

Recombinant DNA

39
Q

—— is the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment

A

Microbial Ecology

40
Q

Bacteria convert —,—,—,—, and — into forms used by plants and animals

A

Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus

41
Q

Bioremediation: Using microbes to clean up Pollutants
~ Bacteria degrade organic matter in —
~ Bacteria degrade or detoxify — such as oil and mercury

A
  1. Sewage
  2. Polluntants
42
Q

Insect Pest Control by Microorganisms:
~Microbes that are — to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides
* Prevent insect — to agricultural crops and — transmission
~ —— infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to animals and plants

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Damage
  3. Disease
  4. Bacillus Thuringiensis
43
Q

— is the use of microbes for practical applications, such as producing foods and chemicals

A

Biotechnology

44
Q

——— enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes
* Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in ——
* Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from — and from —

A
  1. Recombinant DNA Technology
  2. Gene Therapy
  3. Insect
  4. Freezing