Ch.1 Microbial World & You Flashcards
— are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
Microorganisms
Microbes include —,—,—,——, and —
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Microscopic Algae
- Viruses
A few microbes are pathogenic (——)
Disease producing
Microbes can decompose ——
Organic Waste
Microbes generate — by —
- Oxygen
- Photosynthesis
Microbes produce chemical products such as —,—, and —
- Ethanol
- Acetone
- Vitamins
Microbes produce fermented food such —,—, and —
Vinegar, cheese, and bread
Microbes produce products used in — (e.g cellulose) and —— (e.g. insulin)
- Manufacturing
- Disease Treatment
Bacteria:
~ —
* “Prenucleus”
~ ——
~ — cell walls
~ Divide via ——
~ Derive — from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis
- Prokaryotes
- Single-Celled
- Peptidoglycan
- Binary Fission
- Nutrition
Archaea:
~ —
~ Lack — cell walls
~ Often live in — environments
~ Include:
* —, ——, ——
- Prokaryotes
- Peptidoglycan
- Extreme
- Methanogens, Extreme halophiles, Extreme thermophiles
Fungi:
~ —
* Distinct Nucleus
~ — cell walls
~ Absorb —— for energy
~ Yeasts are —
~ Molds and mushrooms are —
* Molds consist of masses of —, which are composed of filaments called —
- Eukaryotes
- Chitin
- Organic chemicals
- Unicellular
- Multicellular
- Mycelia
- Hyphae
Protozoa:
~ —
~ Absorb or ingest ——
~ May be — via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
~ —— or — (derive nutrients from a living host)
- Eukaryotes
- Organic Chemicals
- Motile
- Free-living or Parasitic
Bioremediation:
~ Bacteria degrade —— in sewage
~ Bacteria — or — pollutants such as oil and mercury
- Organic matter
- Degrade or Detoxify
Algae:
~ —
~ — cell walls
~ Found in —,—, & —
~ Use — for energy
~ Produce — and —
- Eukaryotes
- Cellulose
- Freshwater, saltwater, and soil
- Oxygen and Carbohydrates
Viruses:
~ —
~ Consist of — or — core
~ Core is surrounded by a ——
~ Coat may be enclosed in a ——
~ Are replicated only when they are in a ———
~ Inert — living hosts
- Acellular
- DNA or RNA
- Protein Coat
- Lipid Envelope
- Living host cell
- Outside
Three domains based on cellular organization:
~ —
~ —
~ —
* —,—,—,—
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
- Protists, fungi, plants, animals
— is the study of of bacteria
Bacteriology
— is the study of fungi
Mycology
— is the study of viruses
Virology
— is the study of algae
Phycology
— is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms
Parasitology
The First Observations:
~ 1665: —— reported that living things are composed of little boxes, or “—“
* Marked the beginning of ——: all living things are composed of cells
~ The first microbes were observed from 1623-1673 by ———
* “—“ viewed through magnifying lenses
- Robert Hooke
- Cells
- Cell theory
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- Animalcules
Spontaneous Generation: the hypothesis that life arise from —— matter; a “vital force” is necessary for life
No living
Biogenesis: the hypothesis that — cells arise only from — living cells
- Living
- Preexisting
The Golden Age of Microbiology:
~ 1857-1914
~ Beginning with — work, discoveries include the relationship between — and —, — and ——
- Pasteur’ s
- Microbes and disease
- Immunity
- Anti microbial drugs
The Golden Age of Microbiology:
~ Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for —
~ Fermentation is the microbial conversion of — to — in the absence of —
~ Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food and beverages
~ Bacteria that use air spoil wine by turning it into — (acetic acid)
- Fermentation
- Sugar
- Alcohol
- Air
- Vinegar
The Golden Age of Microbiology:
~ Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by — that was not — enough to — the alcohol in wine
~ Pasteurization is the application of a —— for a — time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages
- Heat
- Hot
- Evaporate
- High heat
- Short
—— (1822-1895)
~ Demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
Louis Pasteur
—— (1827-1912)
~ Performed surgery under aseptic conditions using phenol. Proved that microbes caused surgical wound infections
Joseph Lister
—— (1843-1910)
~ Established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease
Robert Koch
Treatment of disease with chemicals is called —
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be —— or —
- Synthetic Drugs
- Antibiotics
Antibiotics are chemicals produced by — and — that inhibit or kill other —
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Microbes
—— have made it possible to study the structure of viruses in detail
Electron Microscopes
——: the study of how microbes inherit traits
Microbial Genetics
——: the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
Molecular Biology
—: the study of an organisms genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms
Genomics
——: DNA made from two different sources
Recombinant DNA
—— is the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment
Microbial Ecology
Bacteria convert —,—,—,—, and — into forms used by plants and animals
Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus
Bioremediation: Using microbes to clean up Pollutants
~ Bacteria degrade organic matter in —
~ Bacteria degrade or detoxify — such as oil and mercury
- Sewage
- Polluntants
Insect Pest Control by Microorganisms:
~Microbes that are — to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides
* Prevent insect — to agricultural crops and — transmission
~ —— infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to animals and plants
- Pathogenic
- Damage
- Disease
- Bacillus Thuringiensis
— is the use of microbes for practical applications, such as producing foods and chemicals
Biotechnology
——— enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes
* Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in ——
* Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from — and from —
- Recombinant DNA Technology
- Gene Therapy
- Insect
- Freezing
