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Microbiology > Ch.14 Principles Of Disease > Flashcards

Ch.14 Principles Of Disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathology: the study of —

A

Disease

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2
Q

Etiology: the — of a —

A
  1. Cause
  2. Disease
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3
Q

Pathogenesis: the — of —

A
  1. Development
  2. Disease
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4
Q

Infection: — or — of the body by —

A
  1. Invasion or Colonization
  2. Pathogens
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5
Q

Disease: an — state in which the body in not performing ——

A
  1. Abnormal
  2. Normal Functions
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6
Q

—— may be present for days, weeks, or months

A

Transient Microbiota

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7
Q

—— permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

A

Normal Microbiota

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8
Q

——— analyzes relationships between microbial communities on the body and human health

A

Human Microbiome Project

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9
Q

Normal Microbiota:
~ Distribution and composition of normal microbiota are determined by many factors
* —, — and — factors, ——, — factors

A
  1. Nutrient
  2. Physical and Chemical Factors
  3. Host Defenses
  4. Mechanical Factors
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10
Q

Normal Flora:
~ The microorganisms that live with us — are called our normal biota (normal flora)
~ They thrive and multiply because they are — to life on our bodies
~ When we are healthy, the number of microbial cells in or on our body is —— greater than the number of human cell we are made of
~ Under most circumstances, they ———

A
  1. Stably
  2. Adapted
  3. 10 times
  4. Don’t Cause Disease
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11
Q

Normal Flora:
~ A baby begins to acquire its normal microbiota as it passes through the ——
~ Baby can also be infected if — are present, even though the mother shows no symptoms
~ By the time the baby is — week old, the population of microorganisms on the body became similar to population on — humans

A
  1. Birth Canal
  2. Pathogens
  3. Two
  4. All
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12
Q

5 Roles of Normal Flora:
1. ——: the most significant role, normal flora protect the host against colonization by pathogen
2. Stimulate ——
3. Provide —— and ——
4. Can be the —— of —
5. Help —

A
  1. Microbial Antagonism
  2. Immune System
  3. Vitamin B12 and Vitamin K
  4. Common Source of Infection
  5. Digestion
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13
Q

—— is a competition between microbes

A

Microbial Antagonism (competitive exclusion)

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14
Q

Normal microbiota protect the host by:
~ Competing for —
~ Producing substances — to invading microbes
~ Affecting — and available —

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Harmful
  3. pH, Oxygen
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15
Q

Symbiosis is the relationship between —— and the —

A
  1. Normal Microbiota
  2. Host
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16
Q

Symbiosis:
~ Commensalism: one organism —, and the other is —

A
  1. Benefits
  2. Unaffected
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17
Q

Symbiosis:
~ Mutualism: both organisms —

A

Benefit

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18
Q

Symbiosis:
~ Parasitism: one organism — at the — of the —

A
  1. Benefits
  2. Expense
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19
Q

Some normal microbiota are ——

A

Opportunistic Pathogens

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20
Q

Koch’s Postulate
1. The — pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2. The pathogen must be — from the diseased host and grown in — culture
3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it’s — into a healthy, — laboratory animal
4. The pathogen must be — from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism

A
  1. Same
  2. Isolated, Pure
  3. Inoculated, Susceptible
  4. Isolated
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21
Q

Koch’s postulates
~ Koch’s postulates are used to prove the — of an infectious disease
~ Exceptions to Koch’s postulates
* Some pathogens can cause — disease conditions
* Some pathogens cause disease only in —
* Some microbes have never been —

A
  1. Cause
  2. Several
  3. Humans
  4. Cultured
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22
Q

— disease: a disease that is spread from one host to another

A

Communicable Disease

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23
Q

——: diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

A

Contagious Diseases

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24
Q

——: a disease that is not spread from one host to another

A

Noncommunicable Disease

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25
Q

—: number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period

A

Incidence

26
Q

—: number of people who develop a disease at a specific time, regardless of when it first appeared
* Takes into account both old and new cases

A

Prevalence

27
Q

——: a disease that occurs only occasionally

A

Sporadic Disease

28
Q

——: disease constantly present in a population

A

Endemic Disease

29
Q

——: disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time

A

Epidemic Disease

30
Q

——: worldwide epidemic

A

Pandemic

31
Q

——: symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time

A

Acute Disease

32
Q

——: symptoms develop slowly

A

Chronic Disease

33
Q

——: Intermediate between acute and chronic

A

Subacute Disease

34
Q

——: causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

A

Latent Disease

35
Q

——: immunity in most of a population

A

Herd Immunity

36
Q

——: pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

A

Local Infection

37
Q

———: an infection through out the body

A

Systemic (generalized) infection

38
Q

——: systemic infection that began as a local infection

A

Focal Infection

39
Q

—: toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

A

Sepsis

40
Q

—: bacteria in the blood

A

Bacteremia

41
Q

—: also known as blood poisoning; growth of bacteria in the blood

A

Septicemia

42
Q

—: toxins in blood

A

Toxemia

43
Q

—: viruses in the blood

A

Viremia

44
Q

——: acute infection that causes the initial illness

A

Primary Infection

45
Q

——: opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing infection

A

Secondary infection

46
Q

——: no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

A

Subclinical Disease

47
Q

——: interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms

A

Incubation Period

48
Q

——: short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms

A

Prodromal Period

49
Q

———: disease is most severe

A

Prodromal Period

50
Q

———: disease is most severe

A

Period of Illness

51
Q

———: signs and symptoms subside

A

Period of Decline

52
Q

———: body returns to its prediseased state

A

Period of convalescence

53
Q

Reservoirs of Infections:
~ Human reservoirs: — may have inapparent inapparent infections or latent diseases
~ Animal reservoirs: — are diseases transmitted from animals to humans
~ Nonliving reservoirs: — and —

A
  1. Carriers
  2. Zoonoses
  3. Soil and Water
54
Q

———: requires close association between the infected and a susceptible host

A

Director Contact Transmission

55
Q

———: spreads to a host by a nonliving object called a —

A
  1. Indirect Contact Transmission
  2. Fomite
56
Q

——: transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter

A

Droplet Transmission

57
Q

Vehicle Transmission:
~ Transmission by an inanimate reservoir: —, —, —

A

Waterborne, food borne, airborne

58
Q

Vectors:
~ Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes
~ Transmit disease by two general methods
* ——: arthropod carries pathogen on its feet
* ——: pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bites or feces

A
  1. Mechanical transmission
  2. Biological transmission
59
Q

Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)
~ Acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility
* Also known as ——
~ Affect 1 in — hospital patients
* — million per year infected; 20,000 deaths

A
  1. Nosocomial Infections
  2. 25
  3. 2
60
Q

HAIs result from:
~ — in the hospital environments
~ — status of the host
~ — of — in a hospital

A
  1. Microorganisms
  2. Weakened
  3. Chain of transmission
61
Q

——: an individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns

A

Compromised Host

62
Q

Control of HAIs:
~ Reduce number of pathogens:
* —, — tubs to bathe patients, cleaning — scrupulously, using — bandages and intubation
~ ———

A
  1. Handwashing, Disinfecting, Instruments, Disposable
  2. Infection Control Committees

Microbiology (15 decks)

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