Ch.14 Principles Of Disease Flashcards
Pathology: the study of —
Disease
Etiology: the — of a —
- Cause
- Disease
Pathogenesis: the — of —
- Development
- Disease
Infection: — or — of the body by —
- Invasion or Colonization
- Pathogens
Disease: an — state in which the body in not performing ——
- Abnormal
- Normal Functions
—— may be present for days, weeks, or months
Transient Microbiota
—— permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions
Normal Microbiota
——— analyzes relationships between microbial communities on the body and human health
Human Microbiome Project
Normal Microbiota:
~ Distribution and composition of normal microbiota are determined by many factors
* —, — and — factors, ——, — factors
- Nutrient
- Physical and Chemical Factors
- Host Defenses
- Mechanical Factors
Normal Flora:
~ The microorganisms that live with us — are called our normal biota (normal flora)
~ They thrive and multiply because they are — to life on our bodies
~ When we are healthy, the number of microbial cells in or on our body is —— greater than the number of human cell we are made of
~ Under most circumstances, they ———
- Stably
- Adapted
- 10 times
- Don’t Cause Disease
Normal Flora:
~ A baby begins to acquire its normal microbiota as it passes through the ——
~ Baby can also be infected if — are present, even though the mother shows no symptoms
~ By the time the baby is — week old, the population of microorganisms on the body became similar to population on — humans
- Birth Canal
- Pathogens
- Two
- All
5 Roles of Normal Flora:
1. ——: the most significant role, normal flora protect the host against colonization by pathogen
2. Stimulate ——
3. Provide —— and ——
4. Can be the —— of —
5. Help —
- Microbial Antagonism
- Immune System
- Vitamin B12 and Vitamin K
- Common Source of Infection
- Digestion
—— is a competition between microbes
Microbial Antagonism (competitive exclusion)
Normal microbiota protect the host by:
~ Competing for —
~ Producing substances — to invading microbes
~ Affecting — and available —
- Nutrients
- Harmful
- pH, Oxygen
Symbiosis is the relationship between —— and the —
- Normal Microbiota
- Host
Symbiosis:
~ Commensalism: one organism —, and the other is —
- Benefits
- Unaffected
Symbiosis:
~ Mutualism: both organisms —
Benefit
Symbiosis:
~ Parasitism: one organism — at the — of the —
- Benefits
- Expense
Some normal microbiota are ——
Opportunistic Pathogens
Koch’s Postulate
1. The — pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2. The pathogen must be — from the diseased host and grown in — culture
3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it’s — into a healthy, — laboratory animal
4. The pathogen must be — from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism
- Same
- Isolated, Pure
- Inoculated, Susceptible
- Isolated
Koch’s postulates
~ Koch’s postulates are used to prove the — of an infectious disease
~ Exceptions to Koch’s postulates
* Some pathogens can cause — disease conditions
* Some pathogens cause disease only in —
* Some microbes have never been —
- Cause
- Several
- Humans
- Cultured
— disease: a disease that is spread from one host to another
Communicable Disease
——: diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another
Contagious Diseases
——: a disease that is not spread from one host to another
Noncommunicable Disease
—: number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period
Incidence
—: number of people who develop a disease at a specific time, regardless of when it first appeared
* Takes into account both old and new cases
Prevalence
——: a disease that occurs only occasionally
Sporadic Disease
——: disease constantly present in a population
Endemic Disease
——: disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time
Epidemic Disease
——: worldwide epidemic
Pandemic
——: symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time
Acute Disease
——: symptoms develop slowly
Chronic Disease
——: Intermediate between acute and chronic
Subacute Disease
——: causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms
Latent Disease
——: immunity in most of a population
Herd Immunity
——: pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
Local Infection
———: an infection through out the body
Systemic (generalized) infection
——: systemic infection that began as a local infection
Focal Infection
—: toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection
Sepsis
—: bacteria in the blood
Bacteremia
—: also known as blood poisoning; growth of bacteria in the blood
Septicemia
—: toxins in blood
Toxemia
—: viruses in the blood
Viremia
——: acute infection that causes the initial illness
Primary Infection
——: opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing infection
Secondary infection
——: no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)
Subclinical Disease
——: interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms
Incubation Period
——: short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms
Prodromal Period
———: disease is most severe
Prodromal Period
———: disease is most severe
Period of Illness
———: signs and symptoms subside
Period of Decline
———: body returns to its prediseased state
Period of convalescence
Reservoirs of Infections:
~ Human reservoirs: — may have inapparent inapparent infections or latent diseases
~ Animal reservoirs: — are diseases transmitted from animals to humans
~ Nonliving reservoirs: — and —
- Carriers
- Zoonoses
- Soil and Water
———: requires close association between the infected and a susceptible host
Director Contact Transmission
———: spreads to a host by a nonliving object called a —
- Indirect Contact Transmission
- Fomite
——: transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter
Droplet Transmission
Vehicle Transmission:
~ Transmission by an inanimate reservoir: —, —, —
Waterborne, food borne, airborne
Vectors:
~ Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes
~ Transmit disease by two general methods
* ——: arthropod carries pathogen on its feet
* ——: pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bites or feces
- Mechanical transmission
- Biological transmission
Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)
~ Acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility
* Also known as ——
~ Affect 1 in — hospital patients
* — million per year infected; 20,000 deaths
- Nosocomial Infections
- 25
- 2
HAIs result from:
~ — in the hospital environments
~ — status of the host
~ — of — in a hospital
- Microorganisms
- Weakened
- Chain of transmission
——: an individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns
Compromised Host
Control of HAIs:
~ Reduce number of pathogens:
* —, — tubs to bathe patients, cleaning — scrupulously, using — bandages and intubation
~ ———
- Handwashing, Disinfecting, Instruments, Disposable
- Infection Control Committees
