Ch.10 Classification Of Microorganims Flashcards
~Taxonomy id the science of classifying —
* Shows degree of similarity among —
* Also provides a —— for identifying organisms already classified
* Provides — for clarifying the — of organisms as well as their interrelationships
- Organisms
- Common Reference
- Tolls, evolution
—, or —, is the study of the evolutionary history of organisms
- Systematics
- Phylogeny
The Three Domains:
~ Developed by Woese in 1978; based on sequences of — in —
~ Eukarya: —,—,—
~ —
~ Archaea: —,——,—
- Nucleotides, rRNA
- Animals, plants, fungi
- Bacteria
- Methanogens, Extreme Halophiles, Hyperthermophiles
The Three Domains:
~ Eukaryotes originated from — of prokaryotic ——
~ —— developed into organelles
- Infolding’s, Plasma Membranes
- Endosymbiosis Bacteria
Eukaryotic Species: a group of closely related organisms that — with each other but do not breed with individuals of another —
- Interbreed
- SPecies
Similar species are grouped into a —
Genus
Similar genera are grouped into a —
Family
Families are grouped into an —
Order
Orders are grouped into a —
Class
Classes are grouped into a —
Phylum
Phyla are grouped into a —
Kingdom
Kingdoms are grouped into a —
Domain
~Prokaryotic Species: a population of cells with ——
* Culture: bacteria grown in ——
* Clone: — of cells derived for a — parent cell
* Strain: genetically — cells within a —
- Similar characterstics
- Laboratory Media
- Population, Single
- Different, Clone
Classification of Eukaryotes:
~ Protista: a catchall kingdom for a — of organisms; — and —
* Grouped into — based on —
- Variety, Autotrophic & Heterotrophic
- Clawed, rRNA
Classification of Eukaryotes:
~ Fungi: —; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of —‘ develop from — or — fragments
- Chemoheterotrophic
- Chitin
- Spores or Hyphal
Classification of Eukaryotes:
~ Plantae: —; — cell wall; undergo —
- Multicellular
- Cellulose
- Photosynthesis
Classification of Eukaryotes:
~ Animalia: —; — cell walls; —
- Multicellular
- No
- Chemoheterotrophic
Classification of Viruses:
~Not a part of any domain; not composed of cells; require a ——
~ Viral Species: — of viruses with — characteristics that occupies a particular ——
- Host Cell
- Population, Similar, Ecological Niche
Bergen’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology provides —— for identifying — and —
- Identification Schemes
- Bacteria & Arachaea
Approved Lists of Bacterial Names lists — of — classification
- Species
- Known
Transport media is used to — and —— to a laboratory
- Collect
- Transport
- Pathogens
Morphological Characteristics: useful for identifying —; tell little about phylogenetic relationships
Eukaryotes
Differential Staining: — staining, —— staining; not useful for bacteria without ——
- Gram
- Acid-Fast
- Cell Walls
Biochemical Tests: determine presence of ——
Bacterial Enzymes
Rapid identification methods perform several — test —
* Results of each test are asssigned a —
- Biochemical
- Simultaneously
- Number
Serology:
~ Science that studies — and —— in —
~ Microorganisms are —, they stimulate the body to form — in serum
~ In an antiserum, a solution of — is tested against an ——
- Serum, Immune Responses, Serum
- Antigenic, Antibodies
- Antibodies, Unknown Bacteria
In the slide agglutination test, bacteria agglutinate when mixed with — produced in response to the —
- Antibodies
- Bacteria
Serological Testing can differentiate between — and — within —
- Species
- Strains
- Species
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa):
~ Known — and an unknown type of — are added to a well; a reaction identifies the bacteria
- Antibodies
- Bacterium
Western Blotting:
~ Identifies — in a patients —; confirms — infection
- Antibodies
- Serum
- HIV
Phage Typing:
~ Test for determining which phages a bacterium is — to
~ On a plate, clearing called — appear where phages — and — bacterial cells
- Susceptible
- Plaques, Infect & Lyse
Fatty Acid Profiles:
~ FAME: ———— provide profiles that are constant for a particular species
~ —— profiles can be used to — some organisms
- Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
- Fatty Acid
- Identify
DNA Base Composition:
~ — + —
~ The percentage of GC base pairs in the nucleic acid of cells can be used in the — of organisms
~ Two organisms that are closely related have — amounts of — bases
- Guanine + Cytosine%
- Classification
- Similar, Various
DNA Fingerprintings:
~ — of restriction — digest of an organism”s DNA
~ Comparing — from different organisms provides information on genetic — and —
- Electrophoresis, Enzyme
- Fragments, Similarities & Differences
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs):
~ Use of PCR to —— of an unknown microorganisms that cannot be —
- Amplify DNA
- Cultured
Nucleic Acid Hybridization:
~ Measures the ability of of DNA strands from one organism to — with DNA strands of another organism
*Greater degree of —, greater degree of —
- Hybridize
- Hybridization, Relatedness
Nucleic Acid Hybridization:
~ —— uses nucleic acid hybridization to identify unknown microorganisms using ——
- Southern Blotting
- DNA Probes
DNA Chips:
~ A DNA chip (aka a microarray) contains —— and detects — by — between the probe and DNA in the sample
* Detected by —
- DNA Probes, Pathogens, Hybridization
- Fluorescence
DNA Chips:
~ Ribotyping: ——
~ Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH)
* Fluorescent DNA or RNA probes — the microorganisms being targets
* Determines the —, —, and —— of microorganisms in an environment
- rRNA Sequencing
- Stain
- Identity, Abundance, and Relative Activity
——: Identification keys based on successive questions
Dichotomous Keys
—: maps that show evolutionary relationships among organisms; based on rRNA sequences
Cladograms
