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Microbiology > Ch.6 Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Ch.6 Microbial Growth Flashcards

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1
Q

Physical Requirement for Growth:
~ Temperature
* Minimum growth temperature is the — temperature are which the species — grow
* Optimum growth temperature is temperature at which the species grows —
* Maximum growth temperature is the — temperature at which the species will grow

A
  1. Lowest
  2. Will
  3. Best
  4. Highest
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2
Q

Temperature:
~ —, cold loving
~ —, moderate temperature loving
~ — heat loving

A
  1. Psycrophiles
  2. Mesophiles
  3. Thermophiles
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3
Q

Temperature:
~ Psychotrophs
* Grow between — and — to —
* Cause ——

A
  1. 0 Celsius
  2. 20 to 30 Celsius
    3.Food Spoilage
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4
Q

Temperature:
~ Thermophiles:
*Optimum growth temperature — to —
* Found in —— and ——
~ Hyperthermophiles:
* Optimum growth temperature >—
* Live in —— associate with — activity

A
  1. 50 to 60 Celsius
  2. Hot Springs
  3. Organic Compost
  4. 80 Celsius
  5. Hot Springs, Volcanic
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5
Q

pH:
~ Most bacteria grow between pH — and —
~ Molds and yeasts grow between pH — and —
~ — grow in acidic environments
~ Very few bacteria grow at an acidic pH below about pH —. This is why a number of foods, such as sauerkraut, pickles, and many cheese, are preserved from spoilage by acids produced by bacterial fermentation

A
  1. 6.5 & 7.5
  2. 5 & 6
  3. Acidophilus
  4. 4
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6
Q

Osmotic Pressure:
~ Hypertonic environment (higher in solutes than inside the cell) cause — due to — osmotic pressure
~ — or —— require high osmotic pressure (high salt)
~ —— tolerate high osmotic pressure
~ If the osmotic pressure is unusually low (—) such as in distilled water, for example water tends to enter the cell. Some microbes that have a relatively weak cell may be —

A
  1. Plasmolysis
  2. High
  3. Extreme or obligate halophiles
  4. Facultative Halophiles
  5. Hypotonic
  6. Lysed
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7
Q

Chemical Requirements:
~ Carbon
* —— of organic molecules
* — use organic molecules as energy
* — use CO2

A
  1. Structural backbone
  2. Chemoheterotrophs
  3. Autotrophs
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8
Q

Chemical Requirements:
~ Nitrogen:
* Component of —, —, and —
* Most bacteria — protein material for the nitrogen source
* A few bacteria use N2 in ——

A
  1. Proteins, DNA, & ATP
  2. Decompose
  3. Nitrogen Fixation
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9
Q

Chemical Requirements:
~ Sulfur:
* Used is ——, —, and —
* Most bacteria — protein for the sulfur source
* Some bacteria use — or —

A
  1. Amino Acids, Thiamine, Biotin
  2. Decompose
  3. SO4 -2 or H2S
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10
Q

Chemical Requirements:
~ Phosphorus:
* Used in —, —, and —
* Found in —
* — is a source of phosphorus

A
  1. DNA, RNA, and ATP
  2. Membranes
  3. PO4 3-
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11
Q

Trace Elements:
~ — elements required in small amounts
~ Usually ——
~ Include —, —, —, and —
~ Most are essential for the function of certain —

A
  1. Inorganic
  2. Enzyme Cofactors
  3. Iron, Copper, Molybdenum, and Zinc
  4. Enzymes
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12
Q

Siderophores:
~Availability of — often limits microbial growth
~ Living tissue is a particularly poor source of available —
~ Many bacteria acquire — by releasing —— components called siderophores

A
  1. Iron
  2. Iron
  3. Iron
  4. Iron-solubilizing
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13
Q

Oxygen:
~ —— require oxygen

A

Obligate Aerobes

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14
Q

Oxygen:
~ —— grow via fermentation or anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not available

A

Facultative Anaerobes

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15
Q

Oxygen:
~ —— unable to use oxygen and are harmed by it

A

Obligate Anaerobes

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16
Q

Oxygen:
~ —— tolerate but cannot use oxygen

A

Aero tolerant Anaerobes

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17
Q

Oxygen:
~ — require oxygen concentration lower than air

A

Microaerophiles

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18
Q

Oxygen Effect:
~ Superoxide Dismutase:
* Destroys — by converting it into — and ——

A
  1. Superoxide
  2. Oxygen
  3. Hydrogen Peroxide
19
Q

Oxygen Effect:
~ Catalase:
* Destroys —— by converting it into — and —

A
  1. Hydrogen Peroxide
  2. Oxygen
  3. Water
20
Q

Biofilms:
~ Microbial —
~Form — or — that adhere to surfaces
*Bacteria communicate cell-to-cell via — sensing
~— nutrients
~Shelter bacteria from — environmental factors
~Found in digestive system and sewage treatment systems; can clog pipes
~ — resistant to microbicides
~ Involved in —% of infections
~ Catheters, heart valves, contact lenses, dental caries

A
  1. Communities
  2. Slime or Hydrogels
  3. Quorum
  4. Share
  5. Harmful
  6. 1000X
  7. 70
21
Q

Culture Media:
~ Culture Medium: — prepared for microbial —

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Growth
22
Q

Culture Media:
~ Sterile: —— microbes

A

No living

23
Q

Culture Media:
~ Inoculum: — of microbes into a —

A
  1. Introduction
  2. Medium
24
Q

Culture Media:
~ Culture: Microbes — in or on a culture medium

A

Growing

25
Q

Culture Media:
~ Agar:
* ——
* Used as a — agent for culture media in petri plates, slants, and deeps
* Generally not — by microbes
* Liquefies at —
* Solidifies at ~—

A
  1. Complex Polysaccharide
  2. Solidifying
  3. Metabolized
  4. 100 Celsius
  5. 40 Celsius
26
Q

Culture Media:
~ Chemically defined media: — chemical composition is —
* — organisms are those that require many growth factors provided in chemically defined media

A

1.Exact
2. Known
3. Fastidious

27
Q

Culture Media:
~ Complex Media: — and — of yeasts, meat, or plants; chemical composition varies batch to batch
* —— & ——

A
  1. Extracts and Digest
  2. Nutrient Broth & Nutrient Agar
28
Q

Special Culture Techniques:
~ —
* Microbes that require —— conditions
* — packet
* Candle Jar

A
  1. Capnophiles
  2. High CO2
  3. CO2
29
Q

Selective and Differential Media:
~ Selective Media
* — unwanted microbes and — desired microbes
* Contain — to suppress growth

A
  1. Supress
  2. Encourage
  3. Inhibitors
30
Q

Selective and Differential Media:
~ Differential Media:
* Allow distinguishing of colonies of — microbes on the — plate
~ Some media have both selective and differential characteristics

A
  1. Different
  2. Same
31
Q

Enrichment Culture:
~ Encourages the growth of a desired microbe by — very — number of a desired organism to detectable levels
~ Usually a —

A
  1. Increasing
  2. Small
  3. Liquid
32
Q

Obtaining Pure Cultures:
~ A pure culture contains only — species or strain
~ A colony is a — of cells arising from a — cell or spore or from a — of attached cells
~ A colony is often called a ———
~ The streak plate method is use to isolate ——

A
  1. One
  2. Population
  3. Single
  4. Group
  5. Colony-forming unit (CFU)
  6. Streak Plate Method
33
Q

Bacterial Division:
~ Increase in — of cells, not cell —
~ ——
~ —
~ — (actinomycetes)
~ Fragmentation of —

A
  1. Number
  2. Size
  3. Binary Fission
  4. Budding
  5. Conidiophores
  6. Filaments
34
Q

Generation Time:
~Time required for a cell to divide
* — minute to — hours
~ Binary fission — the number of cells each generation
~ Total number of cells= —— of generation
~ Growth curves are represented —
~ ——(——) is the period required for cells in a microbial population to enlarge, divide, and produce two new cells for each that existed before

A
  1. 20 minutes to 24 hours
  2. Doubles
  3. 2 number
  4. Logarithmically
  5. Doubling time (generation time)
35
Q

Phases of Growth:
~ Lag phase: there is — or — change in the number of cells, but — activity is high

A
  1. little or no
  2. Metabolic
36
Q

Phases of Growth:
~ Log Phase: The bacteria — at the — rate possible under the condition provided

A
  1. Multiply
  2. Fastest
37
Q

Phases of Growth:
~ Stationary Phase: There is an — between —— and —

A
  1. Equilibrium
  2. Cell division
  3. Death
38
Q

Phases of Growth:
~ Death Phase: the number of — exceeds the number of — cells formed

A
  1. Death
  2. New
39
Q

Plate Counts:
~ A standard plate count reflects the number of —— and assumes each bacterium
~ Grows into a ——; plate counts are reported as number of colony-forming units (CFU)
~ To ensure the right number of colonies, the original inoculum must be diluted via ——
~ Counts are performed on bacteria mixed into a dish with agar (———) or spread on the surface of a plate (———)

A
  1. Viable Microbes
  2. Single Colony
  3. Serial Dilution
  4. Pour Plate Method
  5. Spread Plate Method
40
Q

Quorum Sensing: the ability of bacteria to — and — their behavior

A
  1. Communicate
  2. Coordinate
41
Q

Filtration:
~ Can be used when the quantity of bacteria is very —
~ Solution passed through a filter that collects —
~ Filter is transferred to a Petri dish and grows as — on the surface

A
  1. Small
  2. Bacteria
  3. Colonies
42
Q

The Most Probable Number (MPN) Method:
~ — tube test
~ Count — tubes
~ Compare with a — tube

A
  1. Multiple
  2. Positive
  3. Statistical
43
Q

Direct Microscopic Count:
~ — of a bacterial suspension placed on a slide
~ —— of bacteria per viewing field is calculated
~ Uses a special —— cell counter

A
  1. Volume
  2. Average Number
  3. Petrify-Hausser
44
Q

Estimating Bacterial Numbers by Indirect Methods:
~ Turbidity: measurement of — with a spectrophotometer
~ Metabolic Activity: amount of metabolic product is — to the number of bacteria
~ Dry Weight: bacteria are —,—, and —; used for — organisms

A
  1. Cloudiness
  2. Proportional
  3. filtered, dried, and weighed
  4. Filamentous

Microbiology (15 decks)

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