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Microbiology > Ch.20 Antimicrobial Drugs > Flashcards

Ch.20 Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

History of Chemotherapy:
~ Selective toxicity: selectively finding and destroying — without damaging the —

A
  1. Pathogen
  2. Host
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2
Q

History of Chemotherapy:
~ Chemotherapy: the use of — to treat a —

A
  1. Chemicals
  2. Disease
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3
Q

The History of Chemotherapy:
~ Antibiotic: A substance produced by a — that, in small amount, — another microbe

A
  1. Microbe
  2. Inhibits
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4
Q

History of Chemotherapy:
~ Antimicrobial drugs: — substance that interfere with the — of —

A
  1. Synthetic
  2. Growth of Micorbes
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5
Q

History of Chemotherapy:
~ 1928: — discovered penicillin, produced by —

A
  1. Fleming
  2. Penicillium
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6
Q

History of Chemotherapy:
~ 1932: ——— used for streptococcal infections

A

Prontosil red dye

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7
Q

History of Chemotherapy:
~ 1940: first clinical trials of —
~ Today there is a growing problem of ——

A
  1. Penicillin
  2. Antibiotic Resistance
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8
Q

Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity:
~ Narrow spectrum of microbial types: drugs that affect a —— of microbial types

A

Narrow range

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9
Q

Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity:
~ Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics: affect a broad range of —— or ———

A

Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria

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10
Q

Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity:
~ Superinfection: —— of normal — that is resistant to antibiotics

A
  1. Overgrowth
  2. Microbiota
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11
Q

Action of Antimicrobial Drugs:
~ Bactericidal: ———

A

Kills microbes directly

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12
Q

Action of Antimicrobial Drugs:
~ Bacteriostatic: ————

A

Prevents microbes from growing

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13
Q

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis by Antibiotics:
~ Target bacterial —— ribosome
~ —, —, —, —

A
  1. 70 S
  2. Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, streptomycin, tetracyclines
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14
Q

Injury to Plasma Membrane of a Yeast Cell Caused by an Antifungal Drug:
~ Polypeptide antibiotics change ——
~ Antifungal drugs combine with ——

A
  1. Membrane permeability
  2. Membrane Sterols
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15
Q

The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs:
~ Inhibits —— synthesis
* Interfere with DNA replication & Transcription
~ Inhibiting synthesis of essential metabolites
* — compete with normal substrates for an enzyme
- Sulfanilamide compete with ———, stopping the synthesis of ——

A
  1. Nucleic Acids
  2. Antimetabolites
  3. Para-amino Benzoic acid (PABA)
  4. Folic Acid
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16
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
~ Pencillin
* Contain a ———
- Types are differentiated by the chemical —— attached to the ring
* Prevents the cross-linking of —, interfering with cell wall construction (especially ——)

A
  1. B-lactam ring
  2. Side Chains
  3. Peptidoglycan
  4. Gram-Positives
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17
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
~ Natural Penicillins
* Extracted from — cultures
- Penicillin G(—) and Penicillin V (—)
* —— of activity
* Susceptible to —

A
  1. Penicillium
  2. Injected
  3. Oral
  4. Narrow Spectrum
  5. Penicillinase (B-lactamases)
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18
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Syntheis
~ Semisynthetic Penicillins
* Contain chemically added ——, making them resistant to —

A
  1. Side chains
  2. Penicillinases
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19
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
~ Penicillinase-resistant penicllins
* — and —

A

Methicillin and Oxacillin

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20
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
~ Extended-spectrum penicillins
* Effective against —— as well as ——
- Aminopenicillins: —,—

A
  1. Gram-negatives, Gram positives
  2. Ampicillin & Amoxicillin
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21
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
~ Penicillins plus B-lactase inhibitors
* Contain clavulanic acid, a —— of —

A

Non competitive inhibitor of penicillinase

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22
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
~ Carbapenems
* Substitute a — for an — and add a — bond to the penicillin nucleus
* Broad Spectrum: — & —

A
  1. C for an S, double
  2. Primaxin & Doripenem
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23
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
~ Monobactam
* —; — ring instead of B-lactase double ring
* Low —; works against only certain gram —

A
  1. Synthetic, Single
  2. Toxicity, Negatives
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24
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
~ Cephalosporins
* Work similar to —
* B-lactase ring differs from —
* Grouped according to their — of —

A
  1. Penicillins
  2. Penicillins
  3. Generation of Development
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25
Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis ~ Polypeptide Antibiotics * —: topical application; works against gram-positives * —: glycopeptide, last line against antibiotic-resistant MRSA
1. Bacitracin 2. Vanomycin
26
Chloramphenicol: ~ Inhibits —— formation * Binds to the —S subunit of the —S ribosome ~ Synthesized —; — Spectrum ~ Can suppress —— and affect —— formation
1. Peptide Bond 2. 50, 70 3. Chemically, Broad 4. Bone Marrow, Blood Cell
27
Aminoglycosides: ~ Amino sugars link by — bonds ~ Chnage the shape of the —S subunit of the —S ribosome ~ Can cause — damage ~ —,—,—
1. Glycoside 2. 30, 70 3. Auditory 4. Streptomycin,neomycin, gentamicin
28
Tetracyclines: ~ Produced by —— ~ Interfere with the — attachment to the ribosome ~ Broad Spectrum; penetrates —, making them valuable against — and — ~ Can suppress normal ——
1. Streptomyces spp. 2. tRNA 3. Tissues, rickettsias and chlamydias 4. Intestinal microbiota
29
Injury to the Plasma Membrane: ~ Affects — of — plasma membranes
1. Synthesis 2. Bacterial
30
Injury to the Plasma Membrane: ~ Lipopeptide: * Daptomycin: produced by —; used for — infections. Attacks the — cell membrane * Polymyxin B: Topical; —; effective against gram —. Combined with — and — in nonprescription ointments
1. Streptomycetes, Skin, bacterial 2. Bacteriocidal, Negatives, bacitracin and neomycin
31
Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors: ~ Rifamycin * Inhibits — synthesis * Penetrates —; — activity
1. mRNA 2. Tissues, Antitubercular
32
Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors: ~ Quinolone and Fluoroquinolones * Nalidixic acid: —; inhibits —— * Norfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin: ——; relatively ——
1. Synthetic, DNA Gyrase 2. Broad Spectrum, Nontoxic
33
Sulfonamides: ~ Inhibit the —— synthesis needed for —— and — synthesis ~ Competively bind to the enzyme for — production, a folic acid precursor ~ Combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMZ) is an example of drug —
1. Folic Acid, Nucleic Acid and Protein 2. PABA 3. Synergism
34
Antifungal Drugs: ~ Agents affecting fungal sterols: * Interrupt the synthesis of —, making the membrane excessively —
1. Ergosterol 2. Permeable
35
Antifungal Drugs: ~ Polyenes: * Amphotericin B: produced by —; toxic to the —
1. Streptomyces 2. Kidneys
36
Antifungal Drugs: ~ Azoles * Imidazoles: —; treat —— * Triazole: treat ———
1. Topical 2. Cutaneous mycoses 3. Systemic fungal infections
37
Antifungal Drugs: ~ Allylamines: * For ———
Azole-resistant infections
38
Antiviral Drugs: ~ Entry and Fusion Inhibitors * Block the — on the —— that bind to the virus * Block — of the — and —
1. Receptors, Host cell 2. Fusion, virus & cell
39
Antiviral Drugs: ~ Uncoating, genome integration, and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors * Prevent viral — * Inhibit viral —— into the host — * —— inhibit RNA or DNA synthesis
1. Uncoating 2. DNA Integration, Genome 3. Nucleoside Analogs
40
Interferons: ~ Produced by —— cells to inhibit further spread of — ~ Imiquimod: promotes ——
1. Viral-Infected, Infection 2. Interferon Production
41
Tests to Guide Chemotherapy: Diffusion Methods ~ Disk-Diffusion Method (Kirby-Bauer Test): test the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents * Paper disks with a chemotherapeutic agent are placed on — containing the test organism * Zone of inhibition around the disk determines the — of the organism to the —
1. Agar 2. Sensitivity, Antibiotic
42
Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs: ~ Persister Cells: microbes with — characteristics allowing for their — when exposed to an —
1. Genetic 2. Survival 3. Antibiotic
43
Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs: ~ Superbugs: bacteria that are — to —— of antibiotics
1. Resistant 2. Large Numbers
44
Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs: ~ Resistance genes are often spread — among bacteria on — or — via — or —
1. Horizontally 2. Plasmids or Transposons 3. Conjugation or transduction
45
Mechanisms of Resistance: ~ —— or — of the drug ~ Prevention of — to the target site within the microbe ~ — of the drugs target site ~ Rapid — of the antibiotic ~ — of mechanisms of resistance
1. Enzymatic Destruction or Inactivation 2. Penetration 3. Alteration 4. Efflux (ejection) 5. Variations
46
Antibiotic Misuse: ~ Misuse includes: * Using — or — antibiotics * Using antibiotics for the —— and other — conditions * Using antibiotics in —— * Failing to complete the prescribed — * Using someone else’s — prescription
1. Outdated or Weakened 2. Common cold, inappropriate 3. Animal Feed 4. Regimen 5. Leftover
47
Antibiotic Safety: ~ Therapeutic Index: — versus — ~ — of antibiotics with other drugs ~ Damage to — ~ Risk to the fetus
1. Risk versus Benefit 2. Reactions 3. Organs 4. Fetus
48
Synergism: the effect of — drugs together is — than the effects of either —
1. Two 2. Greater 3. Alone
49
Antagonism: the effect of — drugs together is — than the effect of either —
1. Two 2. Less 3. Alone
50
History of Chemotherapy: ~ —— developed the concept of chemotherapy to treat microbial disease; “magic bullet” kill — but not — cells. * ——
1. Paul Ehrlich 2. Pathogen but not human cells 3. Selective Toxicity
51
History of Chemotherapy: ~ —— Scottish microbiologist discovered penicillin produced by ——; its first clinical trials were done in 1940
1. Alexander Fleming 2. Penicillium Notatum
52
Selective Toxicity: ~ Goal of Antimicrobial chemotherapy is very simple: administer a — to an — person, which destroys the — agent without harming ——
1. Drug 2. Infected 3. Infective 4. Host’s Cells
53
~Antibacterial drugs treat — infections * Antibiotics — treat — infections; they are NOT effective against — infections, like colds ~Antiviral drugs target — infection ~ Antifungal drugs work against — infections ~ Anti parasitic drugs treat — and — infections
1. Bacterial 2. Only, Bacterial, Viral 3. Viral 4. Fungal 5. Protozoan and Worm
54
History of Chemotherapy: ~1928: — discovered penicillin, produced by Penicillium ~1932: —— dye used for streptococcal infections ~1940: First clinical trials of penicillin ~Today there is a growing problem of antibiotic resistance
1. Fleming 2. Prontosil Red Dye
55
Penicillin does not directly kill bacteria. Why do cells usually die in the presence of penicillin?
It undergoes osmotic lysis
56
Polymyxin B is — that destroy the — of gram — bacteria
1. Detergent 2. Outer membrane 3. Negative
57
Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs) ~ — Antimicrobial agents used to cure infections in humans ~ Dramaticly reduced —— from infections caused by — and — ~ But with extensive use, microbial — emerged and spread rapidly
1. First 2. Death Rates, Streptococci and Staphylococci 3. Resistance
58
Overview of Drug Target: 1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: — target * Ex. —, —, —, —
1. Excellent 2. Penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, bacitracin
59
Overview of Drug Target: 2. Inhibition of protein synthesis * Ex. —,—,—,—
Chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin
60
Overview of Drug Target: 3. Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis: the —— toxic * —, —, some —— agents
1. Least selective 2. Quinolones, Rifampin, Anti-viral
61
4. Inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis (inhibition of folic acid synthesis- — target) * —
1. Excellent 2. Sulfamides
62
Overview of Drug Target: 5. Disruption of cell membrane- the —— toxic * ——, — agents
1. Least selective 2. Polymyxin B, Antifungal

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