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Microbiology > Ch.20 Antimicrobial Drugs > Flashcards

Ch.20 Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

History of Chemotherapy:
~ Selective toxicity: selectively finding and destroying — without damaging the —

A
  1. Pathogen
  2. Host
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2
Q

History of Chemotherapy:
~ Chemotherapy: the use of — to treat a —

A
  1. Chemicals
  2. Disease
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3
Q

The History of Chemotherapy:
~ Antibiotic: A substance produced by a — that, in small amount, — another microbe

A
  1. Microbe
  2. Inhibits
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4
Q

History of Chemotherapy:
~ Antimicrobial drugs: — substance that interfere with the — of —

A
  1. Synthetic
  2. Growth of Micorbes
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5
Q

History of Chemotherapy:
~ 1928: — discovered penicillin, produced by —

A
  1. Fleming
  2. Penicillium
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6
Q

History of Chemotherapy:
~ 1932: ——— used for streptococcal infections

A

Prontosil red dye

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7
Q

History of Chemotherapy:
~ 1940: first clinical trials of —
~ Today there is a growing problem of ——

A
  1. Penicillin
  2. Antibiotic Resistance
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8
Q

Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity:
~ Narrow spectrum of microbial types: drugs that affect a —— of microbial types

A

Narrow range

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9
Q

Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity:
~ Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics: affect a broad range of —— or ———

A

Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria

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10
Q

Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity:
~ Superinfection: —— of normal — that is resistant to antibiotics

A
  1. Overgrowth
  2. Microbiota
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11
Q

Action of Antimicrobial Drugs:
~ Bactericidal: ———

A

Kills microbes directly

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12
Q

Action of Antimicrobial Drugs:
~ Bacteriostatic: ————

A

Prevents microbes from growing

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13
Q

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis by Antibiotics:
~ Target bacterial —— ribosome
~ —, —, —, —

A
  1. 70 S
  2. Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, streptomycin, tetracyclines
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14
Q

Injury to Plasma Membrane of a Yeast Cell Caused by an Antifungal Drug:
~ Polypeptide antibiotics change ——
~ Antifungal drugs combine with ——

A
  1. Membrane permeability
  2. Membrane Sterols
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15
Q

The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs:
~ Inhibits —— synthesis
* Interfere with DNA replication & Transcription
~ Inhibiting synthesis of essential metabolites
* — compete with normal substrates for an enzyme
- Sulfanilamide compete with ———, stopping the synthesis of ——

A
  1. Nucleic Acids
  2. Antimetabolites
  3. Para-amino Benzoic acid (PABA)
  4. Folic Acid
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16
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
~ Pencillin
* Contain a ———
- Types are differentiated by the chemical —— attached to the ring
* Prevents the cross-linking of —, interfering with cell wall construction (especially ——)

A
  1. B-lactam ring
  2. Side Chains
  3. Peptidoglycan
  4. Gram-Positives
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17
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
~ Natural Penicillins
* Extracted from — cultures
- Penicillin G(—) and Penicillin V (—)
* —— of activity
* Susceptible to —

A
  1. Penicillium
  2. Injected
  3. Oral
  4. Narrow Spectrum
  5. Penicillinase (B-lactamases)
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18
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Syntheis
~ Semisynthetic Penicillins
* Contain chemically added ——, making them resistant to —

A
  1. Side chains
  2. Penicillinases
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19
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
~ Penicillinase-resistant penicllins
* — and —

A

Methicillin and Oxacillin

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20
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
~ Extended-spectrum penicillins
* Effective against —— as well as ——
- Aminopenicillins: —,—

A
  1. Gram-negatives, Gram positives
  2. Ampicillin & Amoxicillin
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21
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
~ Penicillins plus B-lactase inhibitors
* Contain clavulanic acid, a —— of —

A

Non competitive inhibitor of penicillinase

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22
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
~ Carbapenems
* Substitute a — for an — and add a — bond to the penicillin nucleus
* Broad Spectrum: — & —

A
  1. C for an S, double
  2. Primaxin & Doripenem
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23
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
~ Monobactam
* —; — ring instead of B-lactase double ring
* Low —; works against only certain gram —

A
  1. Synthetic, Single
  2. Toxicity, Negatives
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24
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
~ Cephalosporins
* Work similar to —
* B-lactase ring differs from —
* Grouped according to their — of —

A
  1. Penicillins
  2. Penicillins
  3. Generation of Development
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25
Q

Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
~ Polypeptide Antibiotics
* —: topical application; works against gram-positives
* —: glycopeptide, last line against antibiotic-resistant MRSA

A
  1. Bacitracin
  2. Vanomycin
26
Q

Chloramphenicol:
~ Inhibits —— formation
* Binds to the —S subunit of the —S ribosome
~ Synthesized —; — Spectrum
~ Can suppress —— and affect —— formation

A
  1. Peptide Bond
  2. 50, 70
  3. Chemically, Broad
  4. Bone Marrow, Blood Cell
27
Q

Aminoglycosides:
~ Amino sugars link by — bonds
~ Chnage the shape of the —S subunit of the —S ribosome
~ Can cause — damage
~ —,—,—

A
  1. Glycoside
  2. 30, 70
  3. Auditory
  4. Streptomycin,neomycin, gentamicin
28
Q

Tetracyclines:
~ Produced by ——
~ Interfere with the — attachment to the ribosome
~ Broad Spectrum; penetrates —, making them valuable against — and —
~ Can suppress normal ——

A
  1. Streptomyces spp.
  2. tRNA
  3. Tissues, rickettsias and chlamydias
  4. Intestinal microbiota
29
Q

Injury to the Plasma Membrane:
~ Affects — of — plasma membranes

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. Bacterial
30
Q

Injury to the Plasma Membrane:
~ Lipopeptide:
* Daptomycin: produced by —; used for — infections. Attacks the — cell membrane
* Polymyxin B: Topical; —; effective against gram —. Combined with — and — in nonprescription ointments

A
  1. Streptomycetes, Skin, bacterial
  2. Bacteriocidal, Negatives, bacitracin and neomycin
31
Q

Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors:
~ Rifamycin
* Inhibits — synthesis
* Penetrates —; — activity

A
  1. mRNA
  2. Tissues, Antitubercular
32
Q

Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors:
~ Quinolone and Fluoroquinolones
* Nalidixic acid: —; inhibits ——
* Norfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin: ——; relatively ——

A
  1. Synthetic, DNA Gyrase
  2. Broad Spectrum, Nontoxic
33
Q

Sulfonamides:
~ Inhibit the —— synthesis needed for —— and — synthesis
~ Competively bind to the enzyme for — production, a folic acid precursor
~ Combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMZ) is an example of drug —

A
  1. Folic Acid, Nucleic Acid and Protein
  2. PABA
  3. Synergism
34
Q

Antifungal Drugs:
~ Agents affecting fungal sterols:
* Interrupt the synthesis of —, making the membrane excessively —

A
  1. Ergosterol
  2. Permeable
35
Q

Antifungal Drugs:
~ Polyenes:
* Amphotericin B: produced by —; toxic to the —

A
  1. Streptomyces
  2. Kidneys
36
Q

Antifungal Drugs:
~ Azoles
* Imidazoles: —; treat ——
* Triazole: treat ———

A
  1. Topical
  2. Cutaneous mycoses
  3. Systemic fungal infections
37
Q

Antifungal Drugs:
~ Allylamines:
* For ———

A

Azole-resistant infections

38
Q

Antiviral Drugs:
~ Entry and Fusion Inhibitors
* Block the — on the —— that bind to the virus
* Block — of the — and —

A
  1. Receptors, Host cell
  2. Fusion, virus & cell
39
Q

Antiviral Drugs:
~ Uncoating, genome integration, and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
* Prevent viral —
* Inhibit viral —— into the host —
* —— inhibit RNA or DNA synthesis

A
  1. Uncoating
  2. DNA Integration, Genome
  3. Nucleoside Analogs
40
Q

Interferons:
~ Produced by —— cells to inhibit further spread of —
~ Imiquimod: promotes ——

A
  1. Viral-Infected, Infection
  2. Interferon Production
41
Q

Tests to Guide Chemotherapy: Diffusion Methods
~ Disk-Diffusion Method (Kirby-Bauer Test): test the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents
* Paper disks with a chemotherapeutic agent are placed on — containing the test organism
* Zone of inhibition around the disk determines the — of the organism to the —

A
  1. Agar
  2. Sensitivity, Antibiotic
42
Q

Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs:
~ Persister Cells: microbes with — characteristics allowing for their — when exposed to an —

A
  1. Genetic
  2. Survival
  3. Antibiotic
43
Q

Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs:
~ Superbugs: bacteria that are — to —— of antibiotics

A
  1. Resistant
  2. Large Numbers
44
Q

Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs:
~ Resistance genes are often spread — among bacteria on — or — via — or —

A
  1. Horizontally
  2. Plasmids or Transposons
  3. Conjugation or transduction
45
Q

Mechanisms of Resistance:
~ —— or — of the drug
~ Prevention of — to the target site within the microbe
~ — of the drugs target site
~ Rapid — of the antibiotic
~ — of mechanisms of resistance

A
  1. Enzymatic Destruction or Inactivation
  2. Penetration
  3. Alteration
  4. Efflux (ejection)
  5. Variations
46
Q

Antibiotic Misuse:
~ Misuse includes:
* Using — or — antibiotics
* Using antibiotics for the —— and other — conditions
* Using antibiotics in ——
* Failing to complete the prescribed —
* Using someone else’s — prescription

A
  1. Outdated or Weakened
  2. Common cold, inappropriate
  3. Animal Feed
  4. Regimen
  5. Leftover
47
Q

Antibiotic Safety:
~ Therapeutic Index: — versus —
~ — of antibiotics with other drugs
~ Damage to —
~ Risk to the fetus

A
  1. Risk versus Benefit
  2. Reactions
  3. Organs
  4. Fetus
48
Q

Synergism: the effect of — drugs together is — than the effects of either —

A
  1. Two
  2. Greater
  3. Alone
49
Q

Antagonism: the effect of — drugs together is — than the effect of either —

A
  1. Two
  2. Less
  3. Alone
50
Q

History of Chemotherapy:
~ —— developed the concept of chemotherapy to treat microbial disease; “magic bullet” kill — but not — cells.
* ——

A
  1. Paul Ehrlich
  2. Pathogen but not human cells
  3. Selective Toxicity
51
Q

History of Chemotherapy:
~ —— Scottish microbiologist discovered penicillin produced by ——; its first clinical trials were done in 1940

A
  1. Alexander Fleming
  2. Penicillium Notatum
52
Q

Selective Toxicity:
~ Goal of Antimicrobial chemotherapy is very simple: administer a — to an — person, which destroys the — agent without harming ——

A
  1. Drug
  2. Infected
  3. Infective
  4. Host’s Cells
53
Q

~Antibacterial drugs treat — infections
* Antibiotics — treat — infections; they are NOT effective against — infections, like colds
~Antiviral drugs target — infection
~ Antifungal drugs work against — infections
~ Anti parasitic drugs treat — and — infections

A
  1. Bacterial
  2. Only, Bacterial, Viral
  3. Viral
  4. Fungal
  5. Protozoan and Worm
54
Q

History of Chemotherapy:
~1928: — discovered penicillin, produced
by Penicillium
~1932: —— dye used for streptococcal infections
~1940: First clinical trials of penicillin
~Today there is a growing problem of antibiotic resistance

A
  1. Fleming
  2. Prontosil Red Dye
55
Q

Penicillin does not directly kill bacteria. Why do cells usually die in the presence of penicillin?

A

It undergoes osmotic lysis

56
Q

Polymyxin B is — that destroy the — of gram — bacteria

A
  1. Detergent
  2. Outer membrane
  3. Negative
57
Q

Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs)
~ — Antimicrobial agents used to cure infections in humans
~ Dramaticly reduced —— from infections caused by — and —
~ But with extensive use, microbial — emerged and spread rapidly

A
  1. First
  2. Death Rates, Streptococci and Staphylococci
  3. Resistance
58
Q

Overview of Drug Target:
1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: — target
* Ex. —, —, —, —

A
  1. Excellent
  2. Penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, bacitracin
59
Q

Overview of Drug Target:
2. Inhibition of protein synthesis
* Ex. —,—,—,—

A

Chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin

60
Q

Overview of Drug Target:
3. Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis: the —— toxic
* —, —, some —— agents

A
  1. Least selective
  2. Quinolones, Rifampin, Anti-viral
61
Q
  1. Inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis (inhibition of folic acid synthesis- — target)
    • —
A
  1. Excellent
  2. Sulfamides
62
Q

Overview of Drug Target:
5. Disruption of cell membrane- the —— toxic
* ——, — agents

A
  1. Least selective
  2. Polymyxin B, Antifungal

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