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Medical Terminology > Ch.8 Digestive System > Flashcards

Ch.8 Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 8 major structures of the digestive system or GI tract?

What are the 3 accessory organs involved?

A
  1. oral cavity-mouth
  2. pharynx-throat
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. large intestine
  7. rectum
  8. anus
  9. liver
  10. gallbladder
  11. pancreas
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2
Q

structure whose role is to close off the nasal passage during swallowing to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity

A

soft palate

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3
Q

hangs from the free edge of the soft palate, move upwards during swallowing

A

uvula

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4
Q

small bumps found on the tongue which contain the taste buds

A

papillae

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5
Q

soft tissue and bone that surround and support teeth

A

periodontium

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6
Q

term that refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws

A

dentition

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7
Q

term for the 20 baby teeth that are lost during childhood

A

primary dentition

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8
Q

term for the 32 teeth that are designed to last a lifetime

A

permanent dentition

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9
Q

means without teeth

A

edentulous

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10
Q

term used in dentistry that describes any contact btw the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth

A

occlusion

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11
Q

any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

A

malocclusion

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12
Q

muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach

A

esophagus

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13
Q

muscular ring that controls the flow btw the esophagus and stomach, also known as the cardiac sphincter or gastroesophageal sphincter

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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14
Q

folds in the mucosa lining the stomach which contain glands that produce gastric juices for digestion and mucus for a protective coating

A

rugae

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15
Q

narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine

A

pylorus

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16
Q

ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

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17
Q

what are the three sections of the small intestine (which can be up to 20 feet total)

A
  1. duodenum-first
  2. jejunum-middle
  3. ileum-last-longest portion
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18
Q

area where food is digested and nutrients are absorbed into he bloodstream

A

small intestine

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19
Q

area where waste products of digestion are processed in prep for excretion

A

large intestine

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20
Q

What are the 4 major parts of the large intestine?

A
  1. cecum
  2. colon
  3. rectum
  4. anus
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21
Q

pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen and starts the beginning of the colon

A

cecum

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22
Q

ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine

A

ileocecal phincter

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23
Q

longest part of the large intestine

A

colon

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24
Q

the part of the colon that travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver

A

ascending colon

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25
Q

part of the colon that passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen

A

transverse colon

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26
Q

part of the colon that travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon

A

descending colon

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27
Q

part of the colon that is S-shaped structure that joins with the rectum

A

sigmoid colon

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28
Q

widest division of the large intestine makes up the last 4 inches

A

rectum

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29
Q

organ that helps remove toxins from the blood and helps turn food into fuel and nutrients

A

liver

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30
Q

provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine

A

biliary tree

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31
Q

pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin, and released by the liver in bile

A

bilirubin

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32
Q

digestive juice secreted by the liver which aids in fat digestion

A

bile

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33
Q

organ that stores and concentrates the bile for later use

A

gallbladder

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34
Q

Gland that aids in digestion by producing and secreting juices that help neutralize stomach acids and digestive enzymes

A

pancreas

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35
Q

the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use

A

digestion

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36
Q

term that includes all of the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients

A

metabolism

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37
Q

part of the metabolism that is the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients

A

anabolism

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38
Q

part of the metabolism that is the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide

A

catabolism

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39
Q

process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body

A

absorption

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40
Q

finger-like projections in the small intestine, which contain blood vessels and lacteals, which deliver nutrients into the blood stream

A

villi

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41
Q

process of breaking food down into smaller pieces, mixing it with saliva, and preparing it to be swallowed

A

mastication

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42
Q

mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed

A

bolus

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43
Q

series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles which move food downward with gravity

A

peristalsis

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44
Q

semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach

A

chyme

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45
Q

rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

A

borborygmus

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46
Q

branch of medicine concerned with prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases

A

bariatrics

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47
Q

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disease and disorders of the stomach and intestines

A

gastroenterologist

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48
Q

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating the internal organs and related body systems

A

internist

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49
Q

dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth

A

periodontist

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50
Q

physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus

A

proctologist

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51
Q

grey-white pits with a red border in the soft tissue lining the mouth, also called canker sores

A

aphthous ulcers

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52
Q

disorder of the lips with crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth

A

cheilosis

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53
Q

blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue caused by oral herpes, also called cold sores

A

herpes labialis

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54
Q

white creamy lesions on the tongue or inner cheeks, grows develops from fungus overgrowth

A

oral thrush

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55
Q

any disease of the mouth due to a fungus

A

stomatomycosis

56
Q

describes bleeding from any part of the mouth

A

stomatorrhagia

57
Q

describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation

A

trismus

58
Q

lack of saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands, known as dry mouth

A

xerostomia

59
Q

gum condition known as trench mouth, caused by an abnormal growth of bacteria

A

acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)

60
Q

involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress

A

bruxism

61
Q

dental plaque that has calcified on the teeth, also know as tartar

A

dental calculus

62
Q

infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth, also known as a cavity

A

dental caries

63
Q

major cause of cavities, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and btw teeth

A

dental plaque

64
Q

earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation affects only the gums

A

gingivitis

65
Q

unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders, also known as bad breath

A

halitosis

66
Q

inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth

A

periodontal disease

67
Q

difficulty in swallowing

A

dysphagia

68
Q

upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD

69
Q

burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus

A

pyrosis or heartburn

70
Q

enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus

A

esophageal varices

71
Q

condition in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphram, caused by reflux and pyrosis

A

hiatal hernia

72
Q

common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium H. pylori

A

gastritis

73
Q

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines

A

gastroenteritis

74
Q

excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach

A

gastrorrhea

75
Q

sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system, caused by gastritis or by medications

A

peptic ulcers

76
Q

the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease

A

anorexia

77
Q

eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance

A

anorexia nervosa

78
Q

eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or laxatives

A

bulimia nervosa

79
Q

condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with disease such as advanced cancer or AIDS, even though they are eating enough

A

cachexia

80
Q

abnormal craving for nonfood substances

A

pica

81
Q

condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body’s normal electrolyte balance

A

dehydration

82
Q

lack of proper food or nutrients

A

malnutrition

83
Q

condition in which the small intestine can not absorb nutrients from food

A

malabsorption

84
Q

excessive accumulation of fat in the body, more than 20-30% over weight standards

A

obesity

85
Q

condition of weighing 2-3x or more than ideal weight

A

morbid obesity

86
Q

excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking

A

aerophagia

87
Q

pain or discomfort in digestion, also known as indigestion

A

dyspepsia

88
Q

reflex ejection of the stomach contents through the mouth

A

emesis

89
Q

act of belching

A

eructation

90
Q

vomitting of blood

A

hematemesis

91
Q

extreme, persistent vomitting that can cause dehydration

A

hyperemesis

92
Q

the urge to vomit

A

nausea

93
Q

return of swallowed food into the mouth

A

regurgitation

94
Q

colon cancer

A

colorectal carcinoma

95
Q

presence of a number of diverticula in the colon

A

diverticulosis

96
Q

small pouch occurring in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon

A

diverticulum

97
Q

inflammation of one more diverticula in the colon

A

diverticulitis

98
Q

inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral and bacteria pathogens

A

enteritis

99
Q

partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intestine

A

ileus

100
Q

common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that include intermittent cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea

A

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

101
Q

general name for disease that cause inflammation in the intestines

A

inflammatory bowel disease

102
Q

chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation

A

ulcerative colitis

103
Q

chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract

A

Crohn’s disease

104
Q

twisting of the intestine on itself that causes an obstruction

A

volvulus

105
Q

telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part

A

intussusception

106
Q

protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin

A

inguinal hernia

107
Q

occurs when a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia and its blood supply is cut off

A

strangulated hernia

108
Q

disease transmitted by food or water that is contaminated due to poor sanitary conditions, can be mild or severe

A

amebic dysentery

109
Q

rare, but very serious condition transmitted through contaminated food or an infected wound, can lead to paralysis or death, also known as food poisoning

A

botulism

110
Q

disease transmitted through contact with contaminated food or water, can be fatal is not treated

A

cholera

111
Q

transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been properly cooked

A

E.coli

112
Q

transmitted by food that is contaminated by feces

A

salmonellosis

113
Q

caused by eating food that has been handled by a typhoid-carrier

A

thyphoid fever

114
Q

small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement

A

anal fissure

115
Q

inability to control the excretion of feces

A

bowel incontinence

116
Q

having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week

A

constipation

117
Q

occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening

A

hemorrhoids

118
Q

passage of black, tarry, and foul-smelling stools

A

melena

119
Q

inflammation of the liver

A

hepatitis

120
Q

abnormal enlargement of the liver

A

hematomegaly

121
Q

yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes caused by greater amounts of bilirubin in the blood

A

jaundice

122
Q

progressive degenerative disease of the liver that is often caused by excessive alcohol use or by viral hept C or C

A

cirrhosis

123
Q

abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

A

ascites

124
Q

mildest type of NAFLD characterized by accumulations of fat within the liver that usually does not cause liver damage

A

steatosis

125
Q

more serious type of NAFLD, consists of fatty accumulations plus liver damaging inflammation

A

nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

126
Q

acute infection of the bile duct characterized by pain in the upper-right quadrant

A

cholangitis

127
Q

pain in the gallbladder

A

cholecystalgia

128
Q

inflammation of the gallbladder

A

cholecystitis

129
Q

hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts

A

gallstone

130
Q

the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

A

cholelithiasis

131
Q

tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows to take images of digestive tract

A

capsule endoscopy

132
Q

radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium

A

cholangiography

133
Q

endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

134
Q

lab test for hidden blood in the stools

A

hemoccult test

135
Q

cleaning of teeth to remove plaque and calculus

A

dentalprophylaxis

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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