Ch.8 Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 8 major structures of the digestive system or GI tract?
What are the 3 accessory organs involved?
A
- oral cavity-mouth
- pharynx-throat
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- rectum
- anus
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
2
Q
structure whose role is to close off the nasal passage during swallowing to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity
A
soft palate
3
Q
hangs from the free edge of the soft palate, move upwards during swallowing
A
uvula
4
Q
small bumps found on the tongue which contain the taste buds
A
papillae
5
Q
soft tissue and bone that surround and support teeth
A
periodontium
6
Q
term that refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws
A
dentition
7
Q
term for the 20 baby teeth that are lost during childhood
A
primary dentition
8
Q
term for the 32 teeth that are designed to last a lifetime
A
permanent dentition
9
Q
means without teeth
A
edentulous
10
Q
term used in dentistry that describes any contact btw the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth
A
occlusion
11
Q
any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth
A
malocclusion
12
Q
muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach
A
esophagus
13
Q
muscular ring that controls the flow btw the esophagus and stomach, also known as the cardiac sphincter or gastroesophageal sphincter
A
lower esophageal sphincter
14
Q
folds in the mucosa lining the stomach which contain glands that produce gastric juices for digestion and mucus for a protective coating
A
rugae
15
Q
narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine
A
pylorus
16
Q
ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine
A
pyloric sphincter
17
Q
what are the three sections of the small intestine (which can be up to 20 feet total)
A
- duodenum-first
- jejunum-middle
- ileum-last-longest portion
18
Q
area where food is digested and nutrients are absorbed into he bloodstream
A
small intestine
19
Q
area where waste products of digestion are processed in prep for excretion
A
large intestine
20
Q
What are the 4 major parts of the large intestine?
A
- cecum
- colon
- rectum
- anus
21
Q
pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen and starts the beginning of the colon
A
cecum
22
Q
ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine
A
ileocecal phincter
23
Q
longest part of the large intestine
A
colon
24
Q
the part of the colon that travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver
A
ascending colon
25
part of the colon that passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen
transverse colon
26
part of the colon that travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon
descending colon
27
part of the colon that is S-shaped structure that joins with the rectum
sigmoid colon
28
widest division of the large intestine makes up the last 4 inches
rectum
29
organ that helps remove toxins from the blood and helps turn food into fuel and nutrients
liver
30
provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine
biliary tree
31
pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin, and released by the liver in bile
bilirubin
32
digestive juice secreted by the liver which aids in fat digestion
bile
33
organ that stores and concentrates the bile for later use
gallbladder
34
Gland that aids in digestion by producing and secreting juices that help neutralize stomach acids and digestive enzymes
pancreas
35
the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use
digestion
36
term that includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients
metabolism
37
part of the metabolism that is the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients
anabolism
38
part of the metabolism that is the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide
catabolism
39
process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body
absorption
40
finger-like projections in the small intestine, which contain blood vessels and lacteals, which deliver nutrients into the blood stream
villi
41
process of breaking food down into smaller pieces, mixing it with saliva, and preparing it to be swallowed
mastication
42
mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed
bolus
43
series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles which move food downward with gravity
peristalsis
44
semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach
chyme
45
rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
borborygmus
46
branch of medicine concerned with prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases
bariatrics
47
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disease and disorders of the stomach and intestines
gastroenterologist
48
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating the internal organs and related body systems
internist
49
dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth
periodontist
50
physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus
proctologist
51
grey-white pits with a red border in the soft tissue lining the mouth, also called canker sores
aphthous ulcers
52
disorder of the lips with crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth
cheilosis
53
blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue caused by oral herpes, also called cold sores
herpes labialis
54
white creamy lesions on the tongue or inner cheeks, grows develops from fungus overgrowth
oral thrush
55
any disease of the mouth due to a fungus
stomatomycosis
56
describes bleeding from any part of the mouth
stomatorrhagia
57
describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation
trismus
58
lack of saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands, known as dry mouth
xerostomia
59
gum condition known as trench mouth, caused by an abnormal growth of bacteria
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)
60
involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress
bruxism
61
dental plaque that has calcified on the teeth, also know as tartar
dental calculus
62
infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth, also known as a cavity
dental caries
63
major cause of cavities, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and btw teeth
dental plaque
64
earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation affects only the gums
gingivitis
65
unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders, also known as bad breath
halitosis
66
inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth
periodontal disease
67
difficulty in swallowing
dysphagia
68
upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus
gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD
69
burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus
pyrosis or heartburn
70
enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus
esophageal varices
71
condition in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphram, caused by reflux and pyrosis
hiatal hernia
72
common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium H. pylori
gastritis
73
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines
gastroenteritis
74
excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach
gastrorrhea
75
sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system, caused by gastritis or by medications
peptic ulcers
76
the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease
anorexia
77
eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance
anorexia nervosa
78
eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or laxatives
bulimia nervosa
79
condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with disease such as advanced cancer or AIDS, even though they are eating enough
cachexia
80
abnormal craving for nonfood substances
pica
81
condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance
dehydration
82
lack of proper food or nutrients
malnutrition
83
condition in which the small intestine can not absorb nutrients from food
malabsorption
84
excessive accumulation of fat in the body, more than 20-30% over weight standards
obesity
85
condition of weighing 2-3x or more than ideal weight
morbid obesity
86
excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking
aerophagia
87
pain or discomfort in digestion, also known as indigestion
dyspepsia
88
reflex ejection of the stomach contents through the mouth
emesis
89
act of belching
eructation
90
vomitting of blood
hematemesis
91
extreme, persistent vomitting that can cause dehydration
hyperemesis
92
the urge to vomit
nausea
93
return of swallowed food into the mouth
regurgitation
94
colon cancer
colorectal carcinoma
95
presence of a number of diverticula in the colon
diverticulosis
96
small pouch occurring in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon
diverticulum
97
inflammation of one more diverticula in the colon
diverticulitis
98
inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral and bacteria pathogens
enteritis
99
partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intestine
ileus
100
common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that include intermittent cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
101
general name for disease that cause inflammation in the intestines
inflammatory bowel disease
102
chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation
ulcerative colitis
103
chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract
Crohn's disease
104
twisting of the intestine on itself that causes an obstruction
volvulus
105
telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part
intussusception
106
protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin
inguinal hernia
107
occurs when a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia and its blood supply is cut off
strangulated hernia
108
disease transmitted by food or water that is contaminated due to poor sanitary conditions, can be mild or severe
amebic dysentery
109
rare, but very serious condition transmitted through contaminated food or an infected wound, can lead to paralysis or death, also known as food poisoning
botulism
110
disease transmitted through contact with contaminated food or water, can be fatal is not treated
cholera
111
transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been properly cooked
E.coli
112
transmitted by food that is contaminated by feces
salmonellosis
113
caused by eating food that has been handled by a typhoid-carrier
thyphoid fever
114
small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement
anal fissure
115
inability to control the excretion of feces
bowel incontinence
116
having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week
constipation
117
occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening
hemorrhoids
118
passage of black, tarry, and foul-smelling stools
melena
119
inflammation of the liver
hepatitis
120
abnormal enlargement of the liver
hematomegaly
121
yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes caused by greater amounts of bilirubin in the blood
jaundice
122
progressive degenerative disease of the liver that is often caused by excessive alcohol use or by viral hept C or C
cirrhosis
123
abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
ascites
124
mildest type of NAFLD characterized by accumulations of fat within the liver that usually does not cause liver damage
steatosis
125
more serious type of NAFLD, consists of fatty accumulations plus liver damaging inflammation
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
126
acute infection of the bile duct characterized by pain in the upper-right quadrant
cholangitis
127
pain in the gallbladder
cholecystalgia
128
inflammation of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
129
hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts
gallstone
130
the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
cholelithiasis
131
tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows to take images of digestive tract
capsule endoscopy
132
radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium
cholangiography
133
endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
134
lab test for hidden blood in the stools
hemoccult test
135
cleaning of teeth to remove plaque and calculus
dentalprophylaxis
