Ch. 7 Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the 3 functions of the respiratory system?
- Bring oxygen from the inhaled air into the blood for delivery to the body cells
- Expel waste products (carbon dioxide and some water) returned to the lungs by the blood
- Produce the airflow through the larynx that makes speech possible
What does the upper respiratory tract consist of? (6)
Nose Mouth Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Trachea
What does the lower respiratory tract consist of? (2)
Bronchial tree
Lungs
The wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections
Nasal septum
The thin hairs located just inside the nostrils which filter incoming air to remove debris
Cilia
Specialized tissues that line the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems
Mucous membranes
in the nose this helps to moisten, warm, and filter the air as it enters
Mucus
Nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell, also important to the sense of taste.
Olfactory receptors
Form a protective circle of lymphatic tissue around the entrance to the respiratory system
Tonsils
Air-filled cavities lined with mucous membranes and are located in the bones of the skull
Paranasal sinuses
What are the 3 functions of the paranasal sinuses?
- To make the bones of the skull lighter
- To help produce mucus to provide lubrication for the tissues of the nasal cavity
- To help produce sound by giving resonance to the voice
Paranasal sinus located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows, an infection here can cause severe pain in this area
Frontal sinuses
Paranasal sinus located in the sphenoid bone, are close to optic nerves and an infection here can damage vision
Sphenoid sinuses
Paranasal sinus which are the largest, and are located in the maxillary bones. An infection here can cause pain in the posterior maxillary teeth
Maxillary sinuses
Paranasal sinus located in the ethmoid bones, are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital cavy by only a thin layer of bone
Ethmoid sinuses
Part that receives the air after it passes through the nose, commonly known as the throat
Pharynx
First division of the pharynx which is posterior to the nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth. Used only by the respiratory system for the transport of air.
Nasopharynx
Second division of the pharynx, portion that s visible when looking into the mouth. Shared by respiratory and digestive systems and transports air, food, and fluids downward
Oropharynx
Third division of the pharynx, shared by both respiratory and digestive systems, air, food, and fluid continue downward to the openings of the esophagus and trachea and food and fluids flow into the esophagus
Laryngopharynx
Triangular chamber located btw the pharynx and the trachea, also known as the voice box
Larynx
Lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, which swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so that food does not enter the trachea and the lungs
Epiglottis
Tube located directly in front of the esophagus that extends from the neck to the chest, also known as the windpipe, whose role is to transport air to and from the lungs
Trachea
Formed where the trachea divides into two branches
Bronchi
Smallest branches of the bronchi
Bronchioles
Very small grape-like clusters found at the end of each bronchiole, also known as air sacs.
Alveoli
Organs of respiration
Lungs
How many lobes does the right lung have? What are they called?
3
Superior
Middle
Inferior
How many lobes does the left lung have? What are they called?
2
Superior
Inferior
Cavity located btw the lungs, contains connective tissue and organs
Mediastinum
Thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage
Pleura
Outer layer of the pleura that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, and forms the sac containing each lung
Parietal pleura
Inner layer of the pleura that surrounds each lung
Visceral pleura
Airtight area btw the layers of the pleural membranes, which contains a thin layer of fluid that allows the membranes to slide easily during breathing
Pleural cavity
the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen, which through contraction/relaxation makes breathing possible
diaphragm
nerves that stimulate the diaphragm and cause it to contract
phrenic nerves
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that is essential to life
respiration
act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward
inhalation
act of breathing out as the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward causing the thoracic cavity to become narrower
exhalation
the act of bringing air into and out of the lungs and exchanging gases from this air
external respiration
the exchange of gases within the cells of the body organs, cells, and tissues
internal respiration
a physician with specialized training the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the ears, nose, throat, and related structures of the head and neck
otolaryngologist (ENT)
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disease and disorders of the lungs and associated tissues
pulmonologist
lung disease in which it is hard to breathe caused by damage to the bronchi which partially obstructs them, making it difficult to get air in and out, usually current or former smokers
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
condition where airways become inflamed and thickened and there is an increase in the number and size of mucus-producing cells, this results in more mucus production which causes coughing and difficulty breathing
chronic bronchitis
progressive loss of lung function that is characterized by a decrease in the total number of alveoli, the enlargement of the remaining alveoli, and the progressive destruction of the walls of the remaining alveoli
emphysema
chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing. Attacks are influenced by a variety of factors like allergens, environment, exercise, or infection
asthma
the swelling and clogging of the airways with mucus, usually occurs after the airway has been exposed to inhaled allergens
airway inflammation
a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airways shit
bronchospasm
term used to describe the common cold
upper respiratory infections
allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus
allergic rhinitis
acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking cough
croup (KROOP)
acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract, the bacteria produce toxins that can damage the heart muscle and nerves. largely prevented through immunization.
diphtheria
bleeding from the nose that is usually caused by an injury, excessive use of blood thinners, or bleeding disorders
epistaxis
acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection that is spread by the respiratory droplets and occurs most commonly in epidemics during colder months
influenza
contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness, and a noisy inspiration
pertussis or whooping cough
watery flow of mucus from the nose
rhinorrhea or runny nose
inflammation of the sinuses
sinusitis
inflammation of the pharynx
pharyngitis or sore throat
paralysis of the larynx
laryngoplegia
sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx
laryngospasm
loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds
aphonia
any change in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy’s voice during puberty
dysphonia
an inflammation of the larynx
laryngitis
bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea
tracheorrhagia
an excessive discharge of the mucus from the bronchi
bronchorrhea
an inflammation of the pleura that produces sharp chest pain with each breath
pleurisy
pain in the pleura that occurs in relation to breathing movements
pleurodynia
the accumulation of air in the pleural space causing pressure imbalance that prevents the lung from fully expanding or can cause it to collapse
pneumothorax
the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
pleural effusion
a collection of blood in the pleural cavity
hemothorax
coughing up blood or bloodstained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as a result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage
hemoptysis
the presence of pus in the pleural cavity btw the layers of the pleural membrane
pyothorax
syndrome of sudden onset which causes severe lung dysfunction, making breathing extremely difficult. Caused by trauma, sepsis, diffuse pneumonia, or shock
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
the collapse of part or all of a lung by blockage of the air passages or by very shallow breathing
atelectasis
an accumulation of fluid in lung tissues
pulmonary edema
bleeding from the lungs
pneumorrhagia
infectious disease caused by mycobacterium which attacks the lungs and sometimes other areas of the body
tuberculosis
serious infection or inflammation of the lungs in which the smallest bronchioles and alveoli fill with pus and other liquid
pneumonia
localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles and surrounding alveoli
bronchopneumonia
pneumonia that affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections or lobes of a lung
lobar pneumonia
pneumonia that can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs
aspiration pneumonia
pneumonia which is often caused by streptococcus bacteria, and is the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination
bacterial pneumonia
pneumonia that is a milder but longer lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma, often referred to as walking pneumonia bc the patient is not bedridden
mycoplasma pneumonia
pneumonia which is an opportunistic infection caused by the fungus Pneumocytis carinii
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
pneumonia which is caused by several different types of viruses, accounts for approximately half of all pneumonias
viral pneumonia
group of almost 200 diseases that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures
interstitial lung diseases
another name for the inflammation and thickening of the walls of the alveoli
interstitial fibrosis
fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs that usually develops after prolonged environmental or occupational contact
pneumoconiosis
caused by coal dust in the lungs
anthracosis
caused by asbestos particles in the lungs
asbestosis
caused by inhaling cotton dust into the lungs and usually occurs after working in a textile factory
byssinosis
caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glasswork, and sandblasting
silicosis
the formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty breathing
pulmonary fibrosis
genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with abnormally thick mucus
cystic fibrosis
leading cause of cancer death in the US
lung cancer
easy or normal breathing, used as a baseline
eupnea
the absence of spontaneous respiration
apnea
group of potentially fatal disorders in which breathing repeatedly stops during sleep for long-enough periods to cause measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels
sleep apnea syndromes
abnormally slow rate of respiration usually of less than 10 breaths per minute
bradypnea
abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually of more than 20 breaths per minute
tachypnea
a pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea or apnea followed by hyperpnea
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
difficult or labored breathing, also known as shortness of breath
dyspnea
breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest
hyperpnea
shallow or slow respiration
hypopnea
abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety
hyperventilation
when a foreign object blocks the airway
airway obstruction
the absence of oxygen from the body’s gases, blood, or tissues
anoxia
condition that occurs when the body cannot get the air it needs to function
asphyxia
any interruption of normal breathing resulting in asphyxia, also known as suffocation
asphyxiation
bluish discoloration fo the skin caused by a lack of oxygen
cyanosis
the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
hypercapnia
condition of having below normal oxygen level in the blood, less severe than anoxia
hypoxemia
condition of having below normal oxygen levels in the body tissues and cells, less severe than anoxia
hypoxia
condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high
respiratory failure (RF)
sudden unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant btw the ages of 2 weeks and 1 year
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope
bronchoscopy
visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope inserted through the mouth and placed into the pharynx
laryngoscopy
handheld device often used to test those with asthma to measure how quickly the patient can expel air
peak flow meter
measures physiological activity during sleep and is most often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea
polysomnography
group of test that measure volume and flow of air by utilizing a spirometer
pulmonary function tests (PFT)
recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each breath
spirometer
external monitor placed on the patient’s finger or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood
pulse oximeter
phlem ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes
sputum
thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory system
phlegm
screening test for TB in which the skin of the arm is injected with a harmless antigen extracted from TB bacteria
tuberculin skin testing
a more accurate skin test for diagnosing TB, a very small amount of PDD tuberculin is injected just under the top layer of the skin
mantoux PPD skin test
medicine administered to prevent or relieve coughing
antitussive
medication that expands the opening of the passages into the lungs, used with asthma
bronchodilator
mixes a single dose of the medication with a puff of air and pushes it into the mouth via a chemical propellant
metered-dose inhaler
pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled via face mask or mouth piece, also known as an atomizer
nebulizer
the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway
endotracheal intubation
procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening btw the nose and sinus
functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum
septoplasty
creation of a stoma into the trachea and inserting a tube to facilitate the passage of air or the removal of secretions
tracheostomy
usually an emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage
tracheotomy
surgical removal of all or part of a lung
pneumonectomy
surgical treatment of lung cancer by removing all or part of a lung
thoracotomy
treatment for sleep apnea that includes a mask, tubes, and a fan to create air pressure that pushes the tongue forward to maintain an open airway
positive pressure ventilation device or CPAP device
apparatus for administering artificial respiration in cases of respiratory failure
respirator
mechanical device for artificial ventilation of the lungs that is used to replace or supplement the patient’s natural breathing function
ventilator
