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Medical Terminology > Ch. 7 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Respiratory System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Bring oxygen from the inhaled air into the blood for delivery to the body cells
  2. Expel waste products (carbon dioxide and some water) returned to the lungs by the blood
  3. Produce the airflow through the larynx that makes speech possible
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2
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of? (6)

A 
Nose
Mouth
Pharynx
Epiglottis 
Larynx
Trachea
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3
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of? (2)

A

Bronchial tree

Lungs

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4
Q

The wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections

A

Nasal septum

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5
Q

The thin hairs located just inside the nostrils which filter incoming air to remove debris

A

Cilia

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6
Q

Specialized tissues that line the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems

A

Mucous membranes

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7
Q

in the nose this helps to moisten, warm, and filter the air as it enters

A

Mucus

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8
Q

Nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell, also important to the sense of taste.

A

Olfactory receptors

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9
Q

Form a protective circle of lymphatic tissue around the entrance to the respiratory system

A

Tonsils

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10
Q

Air-filled cavities lined with mucous membranes and are located in the bones of the skull

A

Paranasal sinuses

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11
Q

What are the 3 functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. To make the bones of the skull lighter
  2. To help produce mucus to provide lubrication for the tissues of the nasal cavity
  3. To help produce sound by giving resonance to the voice
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12
Q

Paranasal sinus located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows, an infection here can cause severe pain in this area

A

Frontal sinuses

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13
Q

Paranasal sinus located in the sphenoid bone, are close to optic nerves and an infection here can damage vision

A

Sphenoid sinuses

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14
Q

Paranasal sinus which are the largest, and are located in the maxillary bones. An infection here can cause pain in the posterior maxillary teeth

A

Maxillary sinuses

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15
Q

Paranasal sinus located in the ethmoid bones, are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital cavy by only a thin layer of bone

A

Ethmoid sinuses

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16
Q

Part that receives the air after it passes through the nose, commonly known as the throat

A

Pharynx

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17
Q

First division of the pharynx which is posterior to the nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth. Used only by the respiratory system for the transport of air.

A

Nasopharynx

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18
Q

Second division of the pharynx, portion that s visible when looking into the mouth. Shared by respiratory and digestive systems and transports air, food, and fluids downward

A

Oropharynx

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19
Q

Third division of the pharynx, shared by both respiratory and digestive systems, air, food, and fluid continue downward to the openings of the esophagus and trachea and food and fluids flow into the esophagus

A

Laryngopharynx

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20
Q

Triangular chamber located btw the pharynx and the trachea, also known as the voice box

A

Larynx

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21
Q

Lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, which swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so that food does not enter the trachea and the lungs

A

Epiglottis

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22
Q

Tube located directly in front of the esophagus that extends from the neck to the chest, also known as the windpipe, whose role is to transport air to and from the lungs

A

Trachea

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23
Q

Formed where the trachea divides into two branches

A

Bronchi

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24
Q

Smallest branches of the bronchi

A

Bronchioles

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25
Q

Very small grape-like clusters found at the end of each bronchiole, also known as air sacs.

A

Alveoli

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26
Q

Organs of respiration

A

Lungs

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27
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have? What are they called?

A

3
Superior
Middle
Inferior

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28
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have? What are they called?

A

2
Superior
Inferior

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29
Q

Cavity located btw the lungs, contains connective tissue and organs

A

Mediastinum

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30
Q

Thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage

A

Pleura

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31
Q

Outer layer of the pleura that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, and forms the sac containing each lung

A

Parietal pleura

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32
Q

Inner layer of the pleura that surrounds each lung

A

Visceral pleura

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33
Q

Airtight area btw the layers of the pleural membranes, which contains a thin layer of fluid that allows the membranes to slide easily during breathing

A

Pleural cavity

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34
Q

the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen, which through contraction/relaxation makes breathing possible

A

diaphragm

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35
Q

nerves that stimulate the diaphragm and cause it to contract

A

phrenic nerves

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36
Q

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that is essential to life

A

respiration

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37
Q

act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward

A

inhalation

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38
Q

act of breathing out as the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward causing the thoracic cavity to become narrower

A

exhalation

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39
Q

the act of bringing air into and out of the lungs and exchanging gases from this air

A

external respiration

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40
Q

the exchange of gases within the cells of the body organs, cells, and tissues

A

internal respiration

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41
Q

a physician with specialized training the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the ears, nose, throat, and related structures of the head and neck

A

otolaryngologist (ENT)

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42
Q

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disease and disorders of the lungs and associated tissues

A

pulmonologist

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43
Q

lung disease in which it is hard to breathe caused by damage to the bronchi which partially obstructs them, making it difficult to get air in and out, usually current or former smokers

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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44
Q

condition where airways become inflamed and thickened and there is an increase in the number and size of mucus-producing cells, this results in more mucus production which causes coughing and difficulty breathing

A

chronic bronchitis

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45
Q

progressive loss of lung function that is characterized by a decrease in the total number of alveoli, the enlargement of the remaining alveoli, and the progressive destruction of the walls of the remaining alveoli

A

emphysema

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46
Q

chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing. Attacks are influenced by a variety of factors like allergens, environment, exercise, or infection

A

asthma

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47
Q

the swelling and clogging of the airways with mucus, usually occurs after the airway has been exposed to inhaled allergens

A

airway inflammation

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48
Q

a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airways shit

A

bronchospasm

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49
Q

term used to describe the common cold

A

upper respiratory infections

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50
Q

allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus

A

allergic rhinitis

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51
Q

acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking cough

A

croup (KROOP)

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52
Q

acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract, the bacteria produce toxins that can damage the heart muscle and nerves. largely prevented through immunization.

A

diphtheria

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53
Q

bleeding from the nose that is usually caused by an injury, excessive use of blood thinners, or bleeding disorders

A

epistaxis

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54
Q

acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection that is spread by the respiratory droplets and occurs most commonly in epidemics during colder months

A

influenza

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55
Q

contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness, and a noisy inspiration

A

pertussis or whooping cough

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56
Q

watery flow of mucus from the nose

A

rhinorrhea or runny nose

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57
Q

inflammation of the sinuses

A

sinusitis

58
Q

inflammation of the pharynx

A

pharyngitis or sore throat

59
Q

paralysis of the larynx

A

laryngoplegia

60
Q

sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx

A

laryngospasm

61
Q

loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds

A

aphonia

62
Q

any change in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy’s voice during puberty

A

dysphonia

63
Q

an inflammation of the larynx

A

laryngitis

64
Q

bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea

A

tracheorrhagia

65
Q

an excessive discharge of the mucus from the bronchi

A

bronchorrhea

66
Q

an inflammation of the pleura that produces sharp chest pain with each breath

A

pleurisy

67
Q

pain in the pleura that occurs in relation to breathing movements

A

pleurodynia

68
Q

the accumulation of air in the pleural space causing pressure imbalance that prevents the lung from fully expanding or can cause it to collapse

A

pneumothorax

69
Q

the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

A

pleural effusion

70
Q

a collection of blood in the pleural cavity

A

hemothorax

71
Q

coughing up blood or bloodstained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as a result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage

A

hemoptysis

72
Q

the presence of pus in the pleural cavity btw the layers of the pleural membrane

A

pyothorax

73
Q

syndrome of sudden onset which causes severe lung dysfunction, making breathing extremely difficult. Caused by trauma, sepsis, diffuse pneumonia, or shock

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

74
Q

the collapse of part or all of a lung by blockage of the air passages or by very shallow breathing

A

atelectasis

75
Q

an accumulation of fluid in lung tissues

A

pulmonary edema

76
Q

bleeding from the lungs

A

pneumorrhagia

77
Q

infectious disease caused by mycobacterium which attacks the lungs and sometimes other areas of the body

A

tuberculosis

78
Q

serious infection or inflammation of the lungs in which the smallest bronchioles and alveoli fill with pus and other liquid

A

pneumonia

79
Q

localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles and surrounding alveoli

A

bronchopneumonia

80
Q

pneumonia that affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections or lobes of a lung

A

lobar pneumonia

81
Q

pneumonia that can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs

A

aspiration pneumonia

82
Q

pneumonia which is often caused by streptococcus bacteria, and is the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination

A

bacterial pneumonia

83
Q

pneumonia that is a milder but longer lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma, often referred to as walking pneumonia bc the patient is not bedridden

A

mycoplasma pneumonia

84
Q

pneumonia which is an opportunistic infection caused by the fungus Pneumocytis carinii

A

pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

85
Q

pneumonia which is caused by several different types of viruses, accounts for approximately half of all pneumonias

A

viral pneumonia

86
Q

group of almost 200 diseases that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures

A

interstitial lung diseases

87
Q

another name for the inflammation and thickening of the walls of the alveoli

A

interstitial fibrosis

88
Q

fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs that usually develops after prolonged environmental or occupational contact

A

pneumoconiosis

89
Q

caused by coal dust in the lungs

A

anthracosis

90
Q

caused by asbestos particles in the lungs

A

asbestosis

91
Q

caused by inhaling cotton dust into the lungs and usually occurs after working in a textile factory

A

byssinosis

92
Q

caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glasswork, and sandblasting

A

silicosis

93
Q

the formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty breathing

A

pulmonary fibrosis

94
Q

genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with abnormally thick mucus

A

cystic fibrosis

95
Q

leading cause of cancer death in the US

A

lung cancer

96
Q

easy or normal breathing, used as a baseline

A

eupnea

97
Q

the absence of spontaneous respiration

A

apnea

98
Q

group of potentially fatal disorders in which breathing repeatedly stops during sleep for long-enough periods to cause measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels

A

sleep apnea syndromes

99
Q

abnormally slow rate of respiration usually of less than 10 breaths per minute

A

bradypnea

100
Q

abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually of more than 20 breaths per minute

A

tachypnea

101
Q

a pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea or apnea followed by hyperpnea

A

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

102
Q

difficult or labored breathing, also known as shortness of breath

A

dyspnea

103
Q

breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest

A

hyperpnea

104
Q

shallow or slow respiration

A

hypopnea

105
Q

abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety

A

hyperventilation

106
Q

when a foreign object blocks the airway

A

airway obstruction

107
Q

the absence of oxygen from the body’s gases, blood, or tissues

A

anoxia

108
Q

condition that occurs when the body cannot get the air it needs to function

A

asphyxia

109
Q

any interruption of normal breathing resulting in asphyxia, also known as suffocation

A

asphyxiation

110
Q

bluish discoloration fo the skin caused by a lack of oxygen

A

cyanosis

111
Q

the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood

A

hypercapnia

112
Q

condition of having below normal oxygen level in the blood, less severe than anoxia

A

hypoxemia

113
Q

condition of having below normal oxygen levels in the body tissues and cells, less severe than anoxia

A

hypoxia

114
Q

condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high

A

respiratory failure (RF)

115
Q

sudden unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant btw the ages of 2 weeks and 1 year

A

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

116
Q

visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope

A

bronchoscopy

117
Q

visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscope inserted through the mouth and placed into the pharynx

A

laryngoscopy

118
Q

handheld device often used to test those with asthma to measure how quickly the patient can expel air

A

peak flow meter

119
Q

measures physiological activity during sleep and is most often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea

A

polysomnography

120
Q

group of test that measure volume and flow of air by utilizing a spirometer

A

pulmonary function tests (PFT)

121
Q

recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each breath

A

spirometer

122
Q

external monitor placed on the patient’s finger or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood

A

pulse oximeter

123
Q

phlem ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes

A

sputum

124
Q

thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory system

A

phlegm

125
Q

screening test for TB in which the skin of the arm is injected with a harmless antigen extracted from TB bacteria

A

tuberculin skin testing

126
Q

a more accurate skin test for diagnosing TB, a very small amount of PDD tuberculin is injected just under the top layer of the skin

A

mantoux PPD skin test

127
Q

medicine administered to prevent or relieve coughing

A

antitussive

128
Q

medication that expands the opening of the passages into the lungs, used with asthma

A

bronchodilator

129
Q

mixes a single dose of the medication with a puff of air and pushes it into the mouth via a chemical propellant

A

metered-dose inhaler

130
Q

pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled via face mask or mouth piece, also known as an atomizer

A

nebulizer

131
Q

the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway

A

endotracheal intubation

132
Q

procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening btw the nose and sinus

A

functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)

133
Q

surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum

A

septoplasty

134
Q

creation of a stoma into the trachea and inserting a tube to facilitate the passage of air or the removal of secretions

A

tracheostomy

135
Q

usually an emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage

A

tracheotomy

136
Q

surgical removal of all or part of a lung

A

pneumonectomy

137
Q

surgical treatment of lung cancer by removing all or part of a lung

A

thoracotomy

138
Q

treatment for sleep apnea that includes a mask, tubes, and a fan to create air pressure that pushes the tongue forward to maintain an open airway

A

positive pressure ventilation device or CPAP device

139
Q

apparatus for administering artificial respiration in cases of respiratory failure

A

respirator

140
Q

mechanical device for artificial ventilation of the lungs that is used to replace or supplement the patient’s natural breathing function

A

ventilator

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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