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Medical Terminology > Ch. 2 Human Body in Health & Disease > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Human Body in Health & Disease Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

vertical plane

A

up and down

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2
Q

midsaggital plane

A

divides equal left and right, also known as the “midline”

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3
Q

saggital plane

A

divides unequal left and right

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4
Q

frontal/coronal plane

A

divides front and back

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5
Q

transverse plane

A

divides upper and lower

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6
Q

ventral

A

front

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7
Q

dorsal

A

back

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8
Q

anterior

A

situated in front

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9
Q

posterior

A

situated in back

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10
Q

superior

A

uppermost, above, toward the head

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11
Q

inferior

A

lowermost, below, or toward the feet

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12
Q

cephalic

A

toward head

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13
Q

caudal

A

toward feet, or lower part of the body

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14
Q

proximal

A

nearest the midline or beginning of body structure

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15
Q

distal

A

farthest from midline or beginning of body structure

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16
Q

medial

A

towards midline

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17
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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18
Q

cranial cavity

A

within skull, surrounds and protects the brain

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19
Q

spinal cavity

A

within spinal column, surrounds and protects cord

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20
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains major digestive organs

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21
Q

pelvic cavity

A

space formed by hipbones, contains reproductive and excretory systems

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22
Q

cells

A

basic structures/units of body

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23
Q

cell membrane

A

tissue that surrounds and protects cell by separating them from its external environment

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24
Q

cytoplasm

A

material inside cell, not part of nucleus

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25
Q

cytology

A

study of anatomy, physiology of cell

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26
Q

nucleus

A

controls activities of cell and help cell divide

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27
Q

chromosomes

A

DNA inside nucleus

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28
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

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29
Q

somatic cells

A

any cell in the body except gametes

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30
Q

tissue

A

group or layer of specialized cells that join to perform specific function. epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve

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31
Q

histology

A

study of structure, composition, and function of tissue

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32
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

protective covering of all internal and external surfaces of body. made of epithelium and endothelium

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33
Q

epithelium

A

epidermis of skin and surface layer of mucous membranes

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34
Q

endothelium

A

lines blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

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35
Q

Connective Tissue

A

support and connect organs and other body tissues. Dense, Adipose, Loose, and Liquid

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36
Q

Dense Connective tissue

A

bone and cartilage. forms joints and framework of the body

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37
Q

Adipose tissue

A

fat. protection, padding, insulation, and support

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38
Q

Loose Connective tissue

A

surround organs and support nerve cells and blood vessels

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39
Q

Liquid Connective tissue

A

blood and lymph. transports nutrients and waste throughout body

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40
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

has ability to contract and relax

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41
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

cells that react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses

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42
Q

Aplasia

A

defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue

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43
Q

Hypoplasia

A

incomplete development of organ or tissue due to deficiency in number of cells

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44
Q

Anaplasia

A

change in structure of cells and orientation together. tumors

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45
Q

Dysplasia

A

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs

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46
Q

Hyperplasia

A

enlargement of organ/tissue due to abnormal increase of cells

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47
Q

Hypertrophy

A

general increase in bulk of body part to increase in size. not number of cells, but size of cells. not tumor

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48
Q

Gland

A

group of epithelial cells capable of producing secretions. Exocrine and Endocrine

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49
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

secrete chemical substances in ducts that lead out of body or to organs (sweat glands)

50
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

produce hormones. no ducts. secreted directly into bloodstream and transported to organs

51
Q

Aden/o

A

gland

52
Q

-crine

A

secrete

53
Q

-carcin

A

cancer

54
Q

-oma

A

tumor

55
Q

adenitis

A

inflammation of gland

56
Q

adenoma

A

benign tumor in glandular tissue

57
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue

58
Q

adenomalacia

A

abnormal softening of gland

59
Q

adenosis

A

disease condition of a gland

60
Q

adenosclerosis

A

abnormal hardening of gland

61
Q

adenectomy

A

surgical removal of gland

62
Q

etiology

A

study of causes of diseases

63
Q

endemic

A

ongoing presence of disease in population (common cold)

64
Q

epidemic

A

sudden widespread outbreak within a population (measles)

65
Q

pandemic

A

outbreak over large geographical area

66
Q

communicable disease

A

contagious. any condition transmitted form person to person

67
Q

functional disorder

A

symptoms with no physiological or anatomical cause that can by identified

68
Q

idopathic disorder

A

illness without a cause

69
Q

iatrogenic illness

A

unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

70
Q

infectious disease

A

illness caused by a living pathogenic organism, bacteria, or virus

71
Q

nosocomal infection

A

disease acquired in hospital or clinical setting

72
Q

organic disorder

A

symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in body

73
Q

congenital disorder

A

abnormal condition at time of birth. caused by developmental disorder, prenatal influences, premature birth, or injuries during birthing process

74
Q

developmental disorder

A

birth defect. can result in malformation, such as absence of limb or an extra toe.

75
Q

Atresia

A

congenital absence of a normal opening (anal atresia)

76
Q

Define anatomy

A

the study of the structures of the body

77
Q

Define physiology

A

the study of the functions of the structures of the body

78
Q

ventr

A

belly side of body

79
Q

dors

A

back of the body

80
Q

anter

A

front or before

81
Q

-ior

A

pertaining to

82
Q

poster

A

back or toward the back

83
Q

cephal

A

head

84
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

85
Q

caud

A

tail or lower part of the body

86
Q

dorsal cavity

A

located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system, divided into two portions: cranial and spinal cavities.

87
Q

thoracic cavity

A

also known as chest cavity or thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and lungs.

88
Q

what structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

A

diaphragm

89
Q

home/o

A

constant

90
Q

-stasis

A

control

91
Q

inguinal

A

relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen

92
Q

Groin

A

the crease at the junction of the truck with the upper end of the thigh

93
Q

hypochondriac region

A

located on the left and right sides of the body and are covered by the lower ribs

94
Q

chondr/i

A

cartilage

95
Q

epigastric region

A

located above the stomach

96
Q

lumbar regions

A

located on the left and right sides near the inward curve of the spine

97
Q

umbilical region

A

surrounds the umbilicus or belly button

98
Q

iliac region

A

located on the left and right sides over the hip bones

99
Q

hypogastric region

A

located below the stomach

100
Q

peritoneum

A

multilayer membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

101
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

102
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the orange of the abdominal cavity

103
Q

mesentery

A

is a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

104
Q

retroperitoneal

A

means located behind the peritoneum

105
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

106
Q

gene

A

fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity

107
Q

Genetics

A

the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease

108
Q

gene (term)

A

producing

109
Q

-tics

A

pertaining to

110
Q

genome

A

the complete set of genetic information of the individual

111
Q

chromosomes

A

genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell

112
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

113
Q

genetic mutation

A

change in the sequence of a DNA molecule

114
Q

Pathologist

A

specializes in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish diagnosis

115
Q

Genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems

A

cystic fibrosis (CF)

116
Q

genetic variation that is associated with characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease.

A

Down syndrome (DS)

117
Q

genetic disorder that causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife

A

Huntington’s disease (HD)

118
Q

Term used to describe a group of genetic disease that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement.

A

Muscular dystrophy

119
Q

genetic disorder in which a essential digestive enzyme is missing, without intervention it causes severe mental retardation.

A

Phenylketonuia (PKU)

120
Q

Fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain.

A

Tay-Sachs disease (TAY SAKS)

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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