Ch. 2 Human Body in Health & Disease Flashcards
vertical plane
up and down
midsaggital plane
divides equal left and right, also known as the “midline”
saggital plane
divides unequal left and right
frontal/coronal plane
divides front and back
transverse plane
divides upper and lower
ventral
front
dorsal
back
anterior
situated in front
posterior
situated in back
superior
uppermost, above, toward the head
inferior
lowermost, below, or toward the feet
cephalic
toward head
caudal
toward feet, or lower part of the body
proximal
nearest the midline or beginning of body structure
distal
farthest from midline or beginning of body structure
medial
towards midline
lateral
away from midline
cranial cavity
within skull, surrounds and protects the brain
spinal cavity
within spinal column, surrounds and protects cord
abdominal cavity
contains major digestive organs
pelvic cavity
space formed by hipbones, contains reproductive and excretory systems
cells
basic structures/units of body
cell membrane
tissue that surrounds and protects cell by separating them from its external environment
cytoplasm
material inside cell, not part of nucleus
cytology
study of anatomy, physiology of cell
nucleus
controls activities of cell and help cell divide
chromosomes
DNA inside nucleus
stem cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
somatic cells
any cell in the body except gametes
tissue
group or layer of specialized cells that join to perform specific function. epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve
histology
study of structure, composition, and function of tissue
Epithelial Tissue
protective covering of all internal and external surfaces of body. made of epithelium and endothelium
epithelium
epidermis of skin and surface layer of mucous membranes
endothelium
lines blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
Connective Tissue
support and connect organs and other body tissues. Dense, Adipose, Loose, and Liquid
Dense Connective tissue
bone and cartilage. forms joints and framework of the body
Adipose tissue
fat. protection, padding, insulation, and support
Loose Connective tissue
surround organs and support nerve cells and blood vessels
Liquid Connective tissue
blood and lymph. transports nutrients and waste throughout body
Muscle Tissue
has ability to contract and relax
Nerve Tissue
cells that react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
Aplasia
defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue
Hypoplasia
incomplete development of organ or tissue due to deficiency in number of cells
Anaplasia
change in structure of cells and orientation together. tumors
Dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
Hyperplasia
enlargement of organ/tissue due to abnormal increase of cells
Hypertrophy
general increase in bulk of body part to increase in size. not number of cells, but size of cells. not tumor
Gland
group of epithelial cells capable of producing secretions. Exocrine and Endocrine
Exocrine Glands
secrete chemical substances in ducts that lead out of body or to organs (sweat glands)
Endocrine Glands
produce hormones. no ducts. secreted directly into bloodstream and transported to organs
Aden/o
gland
-crine
secrete
-carcin
cancer
-oma
tumor
adenitis
inflammation of gland
adenoma
benign tumor in glandular tissue
adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue
adenomalacia
abnormal softening of gland
adenosis
disease condition of a gland
adenosclerosis
abnormal hardening of gland
adenectomy
surgical removal of gland
etiology
study of causes of diseases
endemic
ongoing presence of disease in population (common cold)
epidemic
sudden widespread outbreak within a population (measles)
pandemic
outbreak over large geographical area
communicable disease
contagious. any condition transmitted form person to person
functional disorder
symptoms with no physiological or anatomical cause that can by identified
idopathic disorder
illness without a cause
iatrogenic illness
unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
infectious disease
illness caused by a living pathogenic organism, bacteria, or virus
nosocomal infection
disease acquired in hospital or clinical setting
organic disorder
symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in body
congenital disorder
abnormal condition at time of birth. caused by developmental disorder, prenatal influences, premature birth, or injuries during birthing process
developmental disorder
birth defect. can result in malformation, such as absence of limb or an extra toe.
Atresia
congenital absence of a normal opening (anal atresia)
Define anatomy
the study of the structures of the body
Define physiology
the study of the functions of the structures of the body
ventr
belly side of body
dors
back of the body
anter
front or before
-ior
pertaining to
poster
back or toward the back
cephal
head
-ic
pertaining to
caud
tail or lower part of the body
dorsal cavity
located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system, divided into two portions: cranial and spinal cavities.
thoracic cavity
also known as chest cavity or thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and lungs.
what structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
diaphragm
home/o
constant
-stasis
control
inguinal
relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen
Groin
the crease at the junction of the truck with the upper end of the thigh
hypochondriac region
located on the left and right sides of the body and are covered by the lower ribs
chondr/i
cartilage
epigastric region
located above the stomach
lumbar regions
located on the left and right sides near the inward curve of the spine
umbilical region
surrounds the umbilicus or belly button
iliac region
located on the left and right sides over the hip bones
hypogastric region
located below the stomach
peritoneum
multilayer membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
parietal peritoneum
the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
visceral peritoneum
the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the orange of the abdominal cavity
mesentery
is a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
retroperitoneal
means located behind the peritoneum
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
gene
fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
Genetics
the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease
gene (term)
producing
-tics
pertaining to
genome
the complete set of genetic information of the individual
chromosomes
genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
genetic mutation
change in the sequence of a DNA molecule
Pathologist
specializes in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish diagnosis
Genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems
cystic fibrosis (CF)
genetic variation that is associated with characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease.
Down syndrome (DS)
genetic disorder that causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife
Huntington’s disease (HD)
Term used to describe a group of genetic disease that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement.
Muscular dystrophy
genetic disorder in which a essential digestive enzyme is missing, without intervention it causes severe mental retardation.
Phenylketonuia (PKU)
Fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain.
Tay-Sachs disease (TAY SAKS)
