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Medical Terminology > Ch. 11 Special Senses > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Special Senses Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

adnexa of the eyes (6)

A

the structures outside the eyeball, including the orbit, eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus

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2
Q

adnexa

A

appendages or accessory structures of an organ

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3
Q

orbit

A

eye socket

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4
Q

binocular vison

A

both eyes working together

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5
Q

canthus

A

the angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet

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6
Q

tarsus

A

the framework within the upper and lower eyelids that provides the necessary stiffness and shape

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7
Q

cilia

A

small hairs, in this case the eyelashes

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8
Q

conjunctiva

A

the transparent mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid and continues to form a protective covering over the exposed surface of the eyeball

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9
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

the structures that produce, store, and remove tears

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10
Q

lacrimal glands

A

secrete lacrimal fluid (tears), located on the underside of the upper eyelid, just above the outer corner of each eye

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11
Q

lacrimal fluid

A

tears, maintain moisture on the anterior surface of the eyeball, blinking distributes

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12
Q

lacrimal canal

A

duct at the inner corner of each eye, which collect tears and empty them into the lacrimal sacs

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13
Q

lacrimal sac

A

enlargement of the upper portion of the lacrimal duct

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14
Q

lacrimal duct

A

passageway that drains excess tears into the nose

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15
Q

optic

A

pertaining to eye or sight

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16
Q

ocular

A

pertaining to the eye

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17
Q

extraocular

A

outside the eyeball

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18
Q

intraocular

A

within the eyeball

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19
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye, maintains the shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue, tough, fibrous tissue

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20
Q

choroid

A

opaque middle layer of the eyeball that contains many blood vessels and provides blood supply for the entire eye

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21
Q

retina

A

the sensitive innermost layer that lines the posterior segment of the eye, receives nerve impulses and transmits them to the brain via the optic nerve

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22
Q

trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm

A

constantly filters and drains aqueous fluid, which maintains the pressure of the eye

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23
Q

intraocular pressure (IOP)

A

measurement of the fluid pressure inside the eye

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24
Q

vitreous gel

A

soft, clear, jelly-like mass that contains millions of fine fibers

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25
Q

Rods and cones

A

receive images that have passed through the lens of the eye
Rods-black and white
Cones-color

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26
Q

macula

A

clearly defined yellow area in the center of the retina which is the area of sharpest central vision

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27
Q

fovea centralis

A

a pit in the middle of the macula, color vision is best in this area bc it contains a high concentration of cones and no rods

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28
Q

optic disk

A

blind spot, small region in the eye where the nerve endings of the retina enter the optic nerve, contains no rods or cones to convert images into nerve impulses

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29
Q

optic nerve

A

transmits nerve impulses from the retina to the brain

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30
Q

uveal tract

A

the pigmented layer of the eye, which has a rich blood supply and consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris

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31
Q

ciliary body

A

set of muscles and suspensory ligaments that adjust the thickness of the lens to refine the focus of light rays on the retina

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32
Q

iris

A

colorful muscular layer of the eye that surrounds the pupil, muscles within the iris control the amount of light that is allowed to enter the eye through the pupil

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33
Q

cornea

A

the transparent outer surface of the eye covering the iris and pupil, primary structure focusing light rays entering the eye

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34
Q

pupil

A

black circular opening in the center of the iris that permits light to enter the eye

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35
Q

lens

A

clear, flexible, curved structure that focuses images on the retina

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36
Q

accommodation

A

process whereby the eyes make adjustments for seeing objects at various distances

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37
Q

convergence

A

the simultaneous inward movement of the eyes toward each other, occurs in an effort to maintain single binocular vision as an object comes nearer

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38
Q

emmetropia

A

the normal relationship between the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina

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39
Q

refraction

A

the ability of the lens to bend light rays so they focus on the retina

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40
Q

visual acuity

A

the ability to distinguish object details an shape at a distance

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41
Q

ophthalmologist

A

dr who specializes in disorders of the eyes and vision

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42
Q

optometrist

A

hold Dr. of optometry degree and specializes in measuring the accuracy of vision to determine whether corrective lenses are needed

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43
Q

blepharoptosis

A

drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to paralysis

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44
Q

chalazion

A

localized swelling inside the eyelid resulting from obstruction of a sebaceous gland

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45
Q

ectropion

A

the eversion of the edge of an eyelid

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46
Q

entropion

A

inversion of the edge of an eyelid

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47
Q

hordeolum

A

stye, a pus-filled lesion on the eyelid resulting from an infection in a sebaceous gland

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48
Q

periorbital edema

A

swelling surrounding the eye or eyes

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49
Q

conjunctivitis

A

pinkeye, inflammation of the conjunctiva that is usually caused by an infection or allergy

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50
Q

dacryoadenitis

A

inflammation of the lacrimal gland that can be caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection

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51
Q

subconjunctival hemorrhage

A

bleeding btw the conjunctiva and the sclera, usually caused by injury, creates a red area over the white of the eye

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52
Q

xerophthalmia

A

dry eye, drying of eye surfaces including the conjunctiva

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53
Q

pterygium

A

benign growth on the cornea that can become large enough to distort vision

54
Q

synechia

A

an adhesion that binds the iris to an adjacent structure such as the lens or cornea

55
Q

anisocoria

A

condition in which the pupils are unequal in size

56
Q

PERRLA

A

pupils are equal, round, responsive to light and accommodation, diagnostic abbreviation

57
Q

nystagmus

A

involuntary, constant rhythmic movement of the eyeball that can be congenital or caused by a neurological injury or drug use

58
Q

papilledema

A

swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye through the optic disk

59
Q

retinitis pigmentosa

A

progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night and peripheral vision

60
Q

glaucoma

A

group of disease characterized by increased intraocular pressure that cause damage to the retinal nerve fibers and the optic nerve

61
Q

open-angle glaucoma

A

chronic, most common form, trabecular meshwork gradually becomes blocked, and this causes a buildup of pressure

62
Q

closed-angle glaucoma

A

acute, the opening btw the cornea and it is narrows so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork. sudden increase in pressure causes pain, redness and blurred vision, can cause blindness in 2 days

63
Q

macular degeneration

A

gradually progressive condition in which the macula at the center of the retina is damaged, resulting in the loss of central vision, but not total blindness

64
Q

diplopia

A

double vision

65
Q

hemianopia

A

blindness in one-half of the visual field

66
Q

monochromatism

A

color-blindness

67
Q

nyctalopia

A

night blindness

68
Q

presbyopia

A

the condition of common changes in the eyes that occur with aging

69
Q

strabismus

A

disorder in which the eyes point in different directions

70
Q

esotropia

A

cross-eyes

71
Q

exotropia

A

walleye, outward deviation of one eye relative to the other

72
Q

refractive disorder

A

focusing problem that occurs when the lens and cornea do not bend light so that is focuses properly on the retina

73
Q

ametropia

A

any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina

74
Q

astigmatism

A

condition in which the eye does not focus properly bc of uneven curvatures of the cornea

75
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness, defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina

76
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness, defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina

77
Q

amblyopia

A

dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight, especially in one eye, without detectable disease of the eye

78
Q

scotoma

A

blind spot, abnormal area of absent or depresses vision surrounded by an area of normal vision

79
Q

diopter

A

unit of measurement of a lens’ refractive power

80
Q

refraction

A

examination procedure to determine an eye’s refractive error

81
Q

ophthalmoscopy

A

visual examination of the fundus of the eye with an ophthalmoscope

82
Q

mydriatic drops

A

medicated drops that produce temporary paralysis

83
Q

slit-lamp ophthalmoscopy

A

diagnostic procedure in which a narrow beam of light is focused onto parts of the eye to examine the structures at the front of the eye

84
Q

tonometry

A

measurement of intraocular pressure

85
Q

fluorescein staining

A

fluorescent dye that causes a corneal abrasion to appear bright green

86
Q

fluorescein angiography

A

radiographic study of the blood vessels in the retina of the eye following the IV injection of a fluorescein dye as a contrast medium

87
Q

visual field testing

A

performed to determine losses in peripheral vision

88
Q

tarsorrhaphy

A

the partial, or complete, suturing together of the upper and lower eyelids

89
Q

radial keratotomy

A

incisions are made in the cornea to cause it to flatten, which brings the focal point of the eye closer to the retina and improves distance vision

90
Q

phacoemulsification

A

the use of ultrasonic vibration to shatter and remove the lens clouded by a cataract

91
Q

pseudophakia

A

an eye in which the natural lens has been replaced with an intraocular lens

92
Q

laser iridotomy

A

uses a focused beam of light to create a hole in the iris, used to treat closed-angle glaucoma

93
Q

laser trabeculoplasty

A

used to treat open-angle glaucoma by creating opening in the trabecular meshwork

94
Q

LASIK

A

Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratomileusis

95
Q

photocoagulation

A

the use of lasers to treat some forms of wet macular degeneration by sealing leaking or damaged blood vessels

96
Q

pinna

A

the external portion of the ear-catches sound waves and transmits them into the external auditory canal

97
Q

external auditory canal

A

transmits sound waves from the pinna to the tympanic membrane of the middle ear

98
Q

cerumen

A

earwax, protects by trapping anything that comes into the ear

99
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum, transmits the sound by vibrating

100
Q

mastoid bone cells

A

hollow air spaces located in the mastoid process of the temporal bone

101
Q

auditory ossicles

A

three small bones found in the middle ear, they transmit sound waves from the eardrum to the inner ear by vibration

102
Q

what are the three auditory ossicle bones?

A
  1. malleus-aka hammer
  2. incus-aka anvil
  3. stapes-aka stirrup
103
Q

eustachian tubes

A

aka auditory tubes, narrow tubes that lead from the middle ear to the nasal cavity and throat, they equalize the air pressure in the middle ear with that of the outside t

104
Q

inner ear

A

aka labyrinth, contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance

105
Q

oval window

A

located under the base of the stapes, it is the membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear

106
Q

cochlea

A

snail-shaped, fluid-filled structure that forms the inner ear

107
Q

cochlear duct

A

fluid-filled cavity within the cochlea that vibrates when sound waves strike it

108
Q

organ of Corti

A

receives the vibrations from the cochlear duct and replays them to the auditory nerve fibers

109
Q

semicircular canals

A

contain the liquid endolymph and sensitive hair-like cells, help with equilibrium

110
Q

acoustic nerves

A

transmit info to the brain, and the brain sends messages to the muscles in all parts of the body to ensure that equilibrium is maintained

111
Q

air conduction

A

the process by which sound waves enter the ear through the pinna

112
Q

bone conduction

A

occurs as the eardrum vibrates and moves the auditory ossicles

113
Q

sensorineural conduction

A

occurs when sound vibrations reach the inner ear

114
Q

impacted cerumen

A

an accumulation of earwax that forms a solid mass by adhering to the walls of the external auditory canal

115
Q

otalgia

A

earache

116
Q

barotrauma

A

pressure-related ear discomfort that can be caused by pressure changes

117
Q

infectious myringitis

A

contagious inflammation that causes painful blisters on the eardrum

118
Q

patulous eustachian tube

A

distention of the eustachian tube

119
Q

otitis media

A

an inflammation of the middle ear

120
Q

acute otitis media

A

usually associated with an upper respiratory infection and is most commonly seen in children, can lead to a ruptured eardrum

121
Q

serous otitis media

A

a fluid buildup in the middle ear that can follow acute otitis media or can be caused by obstruction of the eustachian tube

122
Q

acute purulent otitis media

A

a buildup of pus within the middle ear due to infection

123
Q

Meniere’s syndrome

A

rare chronic disease in which the amount of fluid in the inner ear increases intermittently, producing attacks of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus

124
Q

tinnitus

A

a ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in one or both ears

125
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

occurs when sound waves are prevented from passing from the air to the fluid-filled ear, caused by earwax buildup, infection, fluid, punctured eardrum, otosclerosis, and scaring

126
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

nerve deafness, develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged

127
Q

hertz

A

measure of sound frequency that determines how high or low a pitch is

128
Q

decibel

A

measurement of the loudness of sound

129
Q

tympanometry

A

the use of air pressure in the ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear

130
Q

fenestration

A

surgical procedure in which a new opening is created in the labyrinth to restore hearing

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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