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Medical Terminology > Ch. 6 Lymphatic/Immune Systems > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Lymphatic/Immune Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. absorbing fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine
  2. removing waste from the tissues
  3. providing aid to the immune system
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2
Q

lacteals

A

specialized structures of the lymphatic system, absorb and transport the fats and fat-soluble vitamins that can’t be absorbed directly into the blood stream

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3
Q

What are the 4 major structures of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. lymph
  2. lymphatic vessels
  3. ducts
  4. lymph nodes
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4
Q

What are the 7 addition structures?

A
  1. tonsils
  2. thymus
  3. spleen
  4. lacteals
  5. Peyer’s patches
  6. vermiform appendix
  7. lymphocytes
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5
Q

Lymph

A

a clear, watery fluid that transports waste products and protein out of the spaces btw the cells of the body tissues. It also destroys bacteria or other pathogens that are present in the tissues

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6
Q

interstitial fluid

A

plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the capillaries and into the spaces btw the cells, it transports food, oxygen, and hormones to the cells

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7
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body, they separate briefly to allow lymph to enter the capillary

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8
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

located deeper within the tissues, lymph flows from the capillaries to the vessels, the vessels eventually join together to form two ducts

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9
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body and the right arm, then empties into the right subclavian vein

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10
Q

thoracic duct

A

largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, and the entire lower portion of the trunk and both legs, empties into the left subclavian vein

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11
Q

lymph node

A

bean-shaped specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens

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12
Q

tonsils

A

three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and the upper throat that prevent pathogens from entering the body through the nose and mouth

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13
Q

thymus

A

composed primarily of lymphoid tissue, but it is an endocrine gland that assists the immune system

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14
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

located on the walls of the ileum, protects against the entry of pathogens through the digestive system

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15
Q

vermiform appendix

A

hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, protects against the entry of pathogens through the digestive system

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16
Q

What are the 4 functions of the spleen?

A
  1. filters microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood
  2. forms lymphocytes and monocytes
  3. destroys worn-out red blood cells and releases their hemoglobin for reuse
  4. stores extra erythrocytes and maintains the balance btw these cells and the plasma of the blood
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17
Q

lymphadenitis

A

swollen glands, inflammation of the lymph nodes

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18
Q

lymphangioma

A

benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system

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19
Q

lymphoscintigraphy

A

diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels

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20
Q

lymphedema

A

swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues

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21
Q

primary lymphedema

A

hereditary disorder due to malformation of the lymphatic system, most commonly produces swelling in the feet and legs

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22
Q

secondary lymphedema

A

caused by damage to the lymphatic system that most commonly produces swelling in the limb nearest to the damaged lymphatic vessels. Cancer treatment and trauma are the most frequent causes.

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23
Q

antigen

A

any substance that the body regards as being foreign, and includes viruses, bacteria, toxins, and transplanted tissues

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24
Q

antibody

A

disease fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

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25
Q

immunoglobulins

A

bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response

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26
Q

plasma cells

A

specialized white blood cells that produce antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens

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27
Q

B cells

A

specialized lymphocytes that produce and secrete antibodies that are capable of destroying a specific antigen, most effective against viruses and bacteria circulating in the blood

28
Q

dendritic cells

A

specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections

29
Q

T cells

A

small lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and contribute to the immune defense by coordinating immune defenses and by killing infected cells on contact

30
Q

interferon

A

family of proteins produced by T cells whose specialty is fighting viruses by slowing and stopping their multiplication

31
Q

lymphokines

A

produced by T cells, direct the antigen-antibody response by signaling btw the cells of the immune system, the attract macrophages to the infected site and prepare them to attack the invaders

32
Q

macrophage

A

type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills invading cells, they also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells

33
Q

phagocyte

A

large white blood cell that can destroy substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis

34
Q

complement

A

group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form and are activated by contact with nonspecific antigens such as foreign blood cells or bacteria

35
Q

immunity

A

the state of being resistant to a specific disease

36
Q

allergy

A

an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen

37
Q

opportunistic infection

A

caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans, but does so bc they are debilitated, like in HIV

38
Q

kaposi’s sarcoma

A

frequently associated with HIV, it is a cancer that caused patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin, in the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat, or in other organs

39
Q

ELISA

A

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies

40
Q

Western blot test

A

produces more accurate results than the ELISA, performed when ELISA is positive to confirm

41
Q

synthetic immunoglobulins

A

aka immune serum, used as a postexposure preventative against certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis

42
Q

synthetic interferon

A

used in the treatment of MS, hep C, and some cancers

43
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

any class of antibodies produced in the lab by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells, used to enhance immune respsone to certain malignancies

44
Q

corticosteroid drug

A

hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and as an immunosuppressant

45
Q

cytotoxic drug

A

medication that kills or damages cells

46
Q

pathogen

A

microorganism that causes a disease in humans

47
Q

bacteria

A

one-celled microscopic organisms

48
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria, tetanus

49
Q

rickettsia

A

small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites, rocky mt spotted fever

50
Q

spirochetes

A

spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement, lyme disease

51
Q

staphylococci

A

group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or cluster resembling grapes, most are harmless and reside normally on the skin, but some are capable of causing serious infections

52
Q

staphylococcus aureus

A

commonly infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or produces food poisening

53
Q

streptococci

A

bacteria that form a chain, most are harmless, but responsible for strep throat, meningitis, necrotizing fasciitis

54
Q

septic shock

A

serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial infection affects the body

55
Q

viruses

A

very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells

56
Q

varicella

A

chicken pox

57
Q

angiogenesis

A

the process through which the tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply

58
Q

antiangiogenesis

A

a form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor

59
Q

metastasize

A

the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another

60
Q

metastasis

A

a new cancer site that results from the spreading process

61
Q

carcinoma

A

a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

62
Q

sarcoma

A

a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues

63
Q

lymphoma

A

a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues

64
Q

antineoplastic

A

medication that blocks the development , growth, or proliferation of malignant cells

65
Q

brachytherapy

A

the use of radioactive materials in contact with, or implanted into, the tissues to be treated

66
Q

teletherapy

A

radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body

67
Q

adjuvant therapy

A

used after the primary treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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