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Medical Terminology > Ch.5 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Ch.5 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of? what is it’s role in the body?

A

heart, blood vessels, and blood. To pump blood to all body tissues

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2
Q

what are three things the blood does?

A
  • it is a fluid tissue that transports oxygen and nutrients to the other body tissues
  • it returns some waste products from these tissues to the kidneys and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs
  • blood cells play important roles in the immune and endocrine systems
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3
Q

double-walled sac that encloses the heart

A

pericardium

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4
Q

What are the three layers of the heart walls?

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
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5
Q

the external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium

A

epicardium

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6
Q

middle and thickest layer of the heart, consists of specialized cardiac muscle

A

myocardium or myocardial muscle

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7
Q

inner lining of the heart, consists of epithelial tissue

A

endocardium

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8
Q

supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

A

coronary arteries

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9
Q

the two upper chambers of the heart, receive all blood

A

atria

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10
Q

a wall that separates two chambers

A

septum

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11
Q

two lower chambers of the heart, pump out all blood

A

ventricles

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12
Q

which walls are thicker, the atria or ventricles? Why?

A

the ventricles, bc they have to pump the blood throughout the whole body

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13
Q

valve that controls the opening between the right atrium ad the right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

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14
Q

valve that is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

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15
Q

valve that is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle, also known as bicuspid valve

A

mitral valve

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16
Q

valve that is located between the left ventricle and the aorta

A

aortic semilunar valve

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17
Q

part of the heart that receives oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs

A

right atrium

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18
Q

part of the heart that pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs

A

right ventricle

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19
Q

part of the heart that receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins

A

left atrium

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20
Q

part of the heart that receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium, which is then carried to all parts of the body, except the lungs

A

left ventricle

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21
Q

What are the two types of circulation? Describe them.

A

pulmonary circulation-the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs

systemic circulation-flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs

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22
Q

carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs. This is the only place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins.

A

pulmonary arteries

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23
Q

carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. this is the only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood

A

pulmonary veins

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24
Q

establishes the basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat using electrical impulses by starting each wave of muscle contraction

A

sinoatrial node-SA node

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25
Q

receives electrical impulses from the SA node

A

atrioventricular node-AV node

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26
Q

group of fibers within the interventricular septum which carry the electrical impulse to the purkinje fibers

A

bundle of His-HISS

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27
Q

specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles which relay the impulses to the cells of the ventricles, causing them to contract

A

Purkinje fibers

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28
Q

What are the three major types of blood vessels?

A
  1. arteries
  2. capillaries
  3. veins
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29
Q

large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body

A

arteries

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30
Q

blood vessel that expands and contracts with the pumping beat of the heart (also why blood will spurt out from beat if severed)

A

arteries

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31
Q

why is arterial blood bight red?

A

bc it is oxygen rich

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32
Q

the largest blood vessel in the body and the main trunk of the arterial system

A

aorta

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33
Q

major arteries that carry blood upward to the head

A

carotid arteries

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34
Q

smaller thinner branches of arteries that carry blood to the capillaries

A

arterioles

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35
Q

low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart

A

veins

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36
Q

what do veins have to prevent blood from flowing away from the heart?

A

valves

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37
Q

smallest veins that join to form the larger veins

A

venules

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38
Q

two largest veins in the body that return blood into the heart

A

venae cavae

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39
Q

smallest blood vessels in the body, form networks of expanded vascular beds that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells of tissues

A

capillaries

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40
Q

rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart

A

pulse

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41
Q

measurement of the amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries

A

blood pressure

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42
Q

highest type of pressure against the walls of an artery, which occurs when the ventricles contract

A

systolic pressure

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43
Q

lowest type of pressure against the walls of an artery which occurs when the ventricles relax

A

diastolic pressure

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44
Q

fluid tissue in the body

A

blood

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45
Q

part of the blood that is straw-colored and contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products

A

plasma

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46
Q

the two clotting proteins found in plasma used to control bleeding

A

fibrinogen

prothrombin

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47
Q

the plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed

A

serum

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48
Q

blood cells whose primary role is to transport oxygen to the tissues

A

erythrocytes-red blood cells-RBC

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49
Q

iron-containing pigment of erythrocytes which transports the oxygen

A

hemoglobin

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50
Q

blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances

A

leukocytes-white blood cells-WBC

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51
Q

formed in red bone marrow and the most common type of white blood cell, play major role in immune system’s defense against pathogens

A

neutrophils

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52
Q

formed in red bone marrow and the least common type of white blood cells, responsible for the symptoms of allergies

A

basophils

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53
Q

white blood cell formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body, destroy parasitis organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions

A

eosinophils

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54
Q

white blood cell formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen, that identifies foreign substances and germs and produce antibodies that specifically target them

A

lymphocytes

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55
Q

white blood cell formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen, provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms

A

monocytes

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56
Q

smallest formed elements of the blood, play important role in clotting

A

thrombocytes or platelets

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57
Q

how are blood types classified?

A

according to the presence or absence of certain antigens

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58
Q

What is the Rh factor?

A

it refers to the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells, named for rhesus monkeys where it was first found

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59
Q

gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood

A

blood gases. oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

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60
Q

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases and disorders of the heart

A

cardiologist

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61
Q

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues

A

hematologist

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62
Q

physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels

A

vascular surgeon

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63
Q

structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth

A

congenital heart defects

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64
Q

atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle

A

coronary artery disease

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65
Q

hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries

A

atherosclerosis

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66
Q

fatty deposit found within the lumen of an artery

A

plaque

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67
Q

deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall and a characteristic of atherosclerosis

A

atheroma

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68
Q

group of cardiac disabilities resulting from an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart

A

ischemic heart disease

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69
Q

condition in which there is an insufficient oxygen supply due to a restricted blood flow to a part of the body

A

ischemia

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70
Q

condition of episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium

A

angina

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71
Q

occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup

A

myocardial infarction-heart attack

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72
Q

chronic condition in which the heart is unable to pump out all the blood that it receives, common in elderly, causes fluid build-up (left side-lungs, right side-feet/leg)

A

congestive heart failure or heart failure

73
Q

abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure when the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for the loss of its pumping ability

A

cardiomegaly

74
Q

inflammation of the heart

A

carditis

75
Q

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

A

endocarditis

76
Q

inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, can be caused by dental surgery

A

bacterial endocarditis

77
Q

inflammation of the myocardium, can develop as a complication of a viral infection

A

myocarditis

78
Q

inflammation of the pericardium that causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac

A

pericarditis

79
Q

term used to describe all disease of the heart muscle

A

cardiomyopathy

80
Q

abnormal sound heard when listening to the heart or neighboring large blood vessels, most commonly caused by defective heart valves

A

heart murmur

81
Q

inflammation fo a heart valve

A

valvulitis

82
Q

abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely

A

valvular prolapse

83
Q

condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart

A

valvular stenosis

84
Q

event in which the heart abruptly stops or develops a very abnormal arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood

A

cardiac arrest

85
Q

abnormality or the loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat

A

arrhythmia

86
Q

abnormally slow resting heart rate, usually applied to rates less than 60 beats per minute

A

bradycardia

87
Q

abnormally rapid resting heart rate, usually applied to rates greater than 100 beats per minute

A

tachycardia

88
Q

pounding or racing heart with or without irregularity in rhythm

A

palpitation

89
Q

condition in which the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall

A

atrial fibrillation-A fib

90
Q

episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate in the atrium, caused by an abnormality in the body’s electrical system

A

paroxysmal atrial tachycardia-PAT

91
Q

rapid, irregular, and useless contraction of the ventricles, causes heart muscles to quiver ineffectively, cause of many sudden cardiac deaths

A

ventricular fibrillation-V fib

92
Q

very rapid heart beat that begins within the ventricles

A

ventricular tachycardia

93
Q

inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel

A

angiitis or vasculitis

94
Q

abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel

A

angiostenosis

95
Q

benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels

A

hemangioma

96
Q

deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part

A

hypoperfusion

97
Q

a form of angiitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time, occurs when certain immune cells attack the affected arteries

A

polyarteritis

98
Q

disorders of the blood vessels located outside the heart and brain

A

peripheral vascular disease

99
Q

peripheral vascular disease caused by atherosclerosis, caused impaired circulation which causes a change in skin color and temp, plus intermittent claudication

A

peripheral arterial occlusive disease

100
Q

peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are trigger by cold or stress, causes paleness, blue color, then redness of fingers and toes

A

Raynaud’s phenomenon

101
Q

localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery

A

aneurysm

102
Q

group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls

A

arteriosclerosis

103
Q

condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves

A

chronic venous insufficiency

104
Q

inflammation of a vein

A

phlebitis

105
Q

abnormally swollen veins, usually occurring in the superficial veins of the legs, occurs when the valves malfunction causing blood to pool.

A

varicose veins

106
Q

abnormal condition of having a thrombus

A

thrombosis

107
Q

blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

A

thrombus

108
Q

blocking of an artery by a thrombus

A

thrombotic occlusion

109
Q

damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery

A

coronary thrombosis

110
Q

condition of having a thrombus attached to the wall of a deep vein, sometimes occurs when someone is bedridden or sits too long, the danger is that is can break loose and travel to a lung where is can be fatal

A

deep vein thrombosis

111
Q

sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus

A

embolism

112
Q

a foreign object, such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in the blood

A

embolus

113
Q

any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood

A

blood dyscrasia

114
Q

genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron

A

hemochromatosis or iron overload disease

115
Q

any situation in which the total number of leukocytes in the circulating blood is less than normal

A

leukopenia

116
Q

abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow

A

polycythemia

117
Q

systemic condition caused by the spread of microorganisms and their toxins via circulating blood

A

speticemia formally known as blood poisoning

118
Q

condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood

A

thrombocytopenia

119
Q

abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood

A

thrombocytosis

120
Q

loss of a large amount of blood in a short time

A

hemorrhage

121
Q

serious, and potentially fatal, complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs bc the patient’s blood and the donated blood don’t match

A

transfusion reaction

122
Q

fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body, aids in the production of cell membranes, some hormones, and vt D

A

cholesterol

123
Q

general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood

A

hyperlipidemia

124
Q

group of bone marrow disorders that are characterized by the insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow

A

myelodysplastic syndrome

125
Q

type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood

A

leukemia

126
Q

lower than normal number of erythrocytes in the blood

A

anemia

127
Q

absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

A

aplastic anemia

128
Q

cholesterol that contributes to plaque buildup in the arteries

A

low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-LDL

129
Q

cholesterol that carries unneeded cholesterol back to the liver for processing and does not contribute to plaque buildup

A

high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-HDL

130
Q

combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities

A

triglycerides

131
Q

condition of an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen

A

hemolytic anemia

132
Q

most common form of anemia

A

iron-deficiency anemia

133
Q

blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal, usually results from from a deficiency of folic acid or vit B12

A

megaloblastic anemia

134
Q

anemia caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb vit B12

A

pernicious anemia

135
Q

genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape, this shape interferes with normal blood flow, resulting in damage to most of the body systems

A

sickle cell anemia

136
Q

inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal

A

thalassemia

137
Q

elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system

A

hypertension or high blood pressure

138
Q

lower than normal arterial blood pressure

A

hypotension

139
Q

low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up

A

orthostatic hypotension

140
Q

radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium

A

angiography

141
Q

diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart

A

cardiac catheterization

142
Q

combines angiography with computerized components to clarify the view of the area of interest by removing the soft tissue and bones from the image

A

digital subtraction angiography

143
Q

diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels

A

duplex ultrasound

144
Q

radiographic test that provides an image of the leg veins after a contrast dye is injected in the foot

A

phlebography

145
Q

noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium

A

electrocardiography

146
Q

record of the electrical activity of the myocardium

A

electrocardiogram

147
Q

portable electrocardiograph that is worn by patient to monitor heart rates over 24 hour period

A

Holter monitor

148
Q

performed to assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress

A

stress test

149
Q

performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise

A

thallium stress test

150
Q

medication that blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract resulting in hypertension

A

ACE inhibitor

151
Q

medication that reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of heart beat

A

beta-blocker

152
Q

medication that causes the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures

A

calcium channel blocker agents

153
Q

medication administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water

A

diuretic

154
Q

medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat

A

antiarrhythmic

155
Q

type of medication that slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming

A

anticoagulant

156
Q

anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger

A

coumadin

157
Q

medication that strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows the heart rate, and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues

A

digitalis

158
Q

drug that dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up

A

thrombolytic

159
Q

thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke

A

tissue plasminogen activator

160
Q

drug that causes blood vessels to narrow

A

vasoconstrictor

161
Q

drug that causes blood vessels to expand

A

vasodilator

162
Q

vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart

A

nitroglycerin

163
Q

procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), commonly referred to as simply angioplasty

164
Q

wire-mesh tube that is commonly placed after the artery has been opened

A

stent

165
Q

describes that condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again

A

restenosis

166
Q

surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery

A

atherectomy

167
Q

surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain

A

carotid endarterectomy

168
Q

surgery in which requires opening the chest, taking a piece of vein from the leg or chest, and implanting it on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery

A

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or bypass surgery

169
Q

alternative technique for bypass which is performed with the aid of a fiber optic camera

A

minimally invasive coronary artery bypass, also known as keyhole bypass or buttonhole bypass

170
Q

use of electrical shock to restore heart rhythm

A

defibrillation

171
Q

device used by non-professionals in emergency situations when defibrillation is required

A

automated external defibrillator (AED)

172
Q

electronic device used for treatment of bradycardia or atrial fibrillation, can be attached externally or implanted with connections leading to the heart to regulate the beat

A

artificial pacemaker

173
Q

double-action pacemaker, regulates beat but also acts as an automatic defibrillator

A

implantable cardioverter defibrillator

174
Q

surgical repair or replacement of a heart valve

A

valvoplasty

175
Q

surgical removal of an aneurysm

A

aneurysmectomy

176
Q

surgical suturing of an aneurysm

A

aneurysmorrhaphy

177
Q

surgical removal of part of an artery

A

arteriectomy

178
Q

to stop or control bleeding

A

hemostasis

179
Q

removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood’s cellular elements

A

plasmapheresis

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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