Ch.5 Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
What does the cardiovascular system consist of? what is it’s role in the body?
A
heart, blood vessels, and blood. To pump blood to all body tissues
2
Q
what are three things the blood does?
A
- it is a fluid tissue that transports oxygen and nutrients to the other body tissues
- it returns some waste products from these tissues to the kidneys and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs
- blood cells play important roles in the immune and endocrine systems
3
Q
double-walled sac that encloses the heart
A
pericardium
4
Q
What are the three layers of the heart walls?
A
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
5
Q
the external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium
A
epicardium
6
Q
middle and thickest layer of the heart, consists of specialized cardiac muscle
A
myocardium or myocardial muscle
7
Q
inner lining of the heart, consists of epithelial tissue
A
endocardium
8
Q
supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium
A
coronary arteries
9
Q
the two upper chambers of the heart, receive all blood
A
atria
10
Q
a wall that separates two chambers
A
septum
11
Q
two lower chambers of the heart, pump out all blood
A
ventricles
12
Q
which walls are thicker, the atria or ventricles? Why?
A
the ventricles, bc they have to pump the blood throughout the whole body
13
Q
valve that controls the opening between the right atrium ad the right ventricle
A
tricuspid valve
14
Q
valve that is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
A
pulmonary semilunar valve
15
Q
valve that is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle, also known as bicuspid valve
A
mitral valve
16
Q
valve that is located between the left ventricle and the aorta
A
aortic semilunar valve
17
Q
part of the heart that receives oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs
A
right atrium
18
Q
part of the heart that pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs
A
right ventricle
19
Q
part of the heart that receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins
A
left atrium
20
Q
part of the heart that receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium, which is then carried to all parts of the body, except the lungs
A
left ventricle
21
Q
What are the two types of circulation? Describe them.
A
pulmonary circulation-the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs
systemic circulation-flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs
22
Q
carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs. This is the only place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins.
A
pulmonary arteries
23
Q
carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. this is the only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood
A
pulmonary veins
24
Q
establishes the basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat using electrical impulses by starting each wave of muscle contraction
A
sinoatrial node-SA node
25
receives electrical impulses from the SA node
atrioventricular node-AV node
26
group of fibers within the interventricular septum which carry the electrical impulse to the purkinje fibers
bundle of His-HISS
27
specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles which relay the impulses to the cells of the ventricles, causing them to contract
Purkinje fibers
28
What are the three major types of blood vessels?
1. arteries
2. capillaries
3. veins
29
large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body
arteries
30
blood vessel that expands and contracts with the pumping beat of the heart (also why blood will spurt out from beat if severed)
arteries
31
why is arterial blood bight red?
bc it is oxygen rich
32
the largest blood vessel in the body and the main trunk of the arterial system
aorta
33
major arteries that carry blood upward to the head
carotid arteries
34
smaller thinner branches of arteries that carry blood to the capillaries
arterioles
35
low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart
veins
36
what do veins have to prevent blood from flowing away from the heart?
valves
37
smallest veins that join to form the larger veins
venules
38
two largest veins in the body that return blood into the heart
venae cavae
39
smallest blood vessels in the body, form networks of expanded vascular beds that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells of tissues
capillaries
40
rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart
pulse
41
measurement of the amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries
blood pressure
42
highest type of pressure against the walls of an artery, which occurs when the ventricles contract
systolic pressure
43
lowest type of pressure against the walls of an artery which occurs when the ventricles relax
diastolic pressure
44
fluid tissue in the body
blood
45
part of the blood that is straw-colored and contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products
plasma
46
the two clotting proteins found in plasma used to control bleeding
fibrinogen
| prothrombin
47
the plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed
serum
48
blood cells whose primary role is to transport oxygen to the tissues
erythrocytes-red blood cells-RBC
49
iron-containing pigment of erythrocytes which transports the oxygen
hemoglobin
50
blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances
leukocytes-white blood cells-WBC
51
formed in red bone marrow and the most common type of white blood cell, play major role in immune system's defense against pathogens
neutrophils
52
formed in red bone marrow and the least common type of white blood cells, responsible for the symptoms of allergies
basophils
53
white blood cell formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body, destroy parasitis organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions
eosinophils
54
white blood cell formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen, that identifies foreign substances and germs and produce antibodies that specifically target them
lymphocytes
55
white blood cell formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen, provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms
monocytes
56
smallest formed elements of the blood, play important role in clotting
thrombocytes or platelets
57
how are blood types classified?
according to the presence or absence of certain antigens
58
What is the Rh factor?
it refers to the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells, named for rhesus monkeys where it was first found
59
gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood
blood gases. oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
60
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases and disorders of the heart
cardiologist
61
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues
hematologist
62
physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels
vascular surgeon
63
structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth
congenital heart defects
64
atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle
coronary artery disease
65
hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
atherosclerosis
66
fatty deposit found within the lumen of an artery
plaque
67
deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall and a characteristic of atherosclerosis
atheroma
68
group of cardiac disabilities resulting from an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart
ischemic heart disease
69
condition in which there is an insufficient oxygen supply due to a restricted blood flow to a part of the body
ischemia
70
condition of episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
angina
71
occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup
myocardial infarction-heart attack
72
chronic condition in which the heart is unable to pump out all the blood that it receives, common in elderly, causes fluid build-up (left side-lungs, right side-feet/leg)
congestive heart failure or heart failure
73
abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure when the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for the loss of its pumping ability
cardiomegaly
74
inflammation of the heart
carditis
75
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
endocarditis
76
inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, can be caused by dental surgery
bacterial endocarditis
77
inflammation of the myocardium, can develop as a complication of a viral infection
myocarditis
78
inflammation of the pericardium that causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac
pericarditis
79
term used to describe all disease of the heart muscle
cardiomyopathy
80
abnormal sound heard when listening to the heart or neighboring large blood vessels, most commonly caused by defective heart valves
heart murmur
81
inflammation fo a heart valve
valvulitis
82
abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely
valvular prolapse
83
condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart
valvular stenosis
84
event in which the heart abruptly stops or develops a very abnormal arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood
cardiac arrest
85
abnormality or the loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat
arrhythmia
86
abnormally slow resting heart rate, usually applied to rates less than 60 beats per minute
bradycardia
87
abnormally rapid resting heart rate, usually applied to rates greater than 100 beats per minute
tachycardia
88
pounding or racing heart with or without irregularity in rhythm
palpitation
89
condition in which the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall
atrial fibrillation-A fib
90
episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate in the atrium, caused by an abnormality in the body's electrical system
paroxysmal atrial tachycardia-PAT
91
rapid, irregular, and useless contraction of the ventricles, causes heart muscles to quiver ineffectively, cause of many sudden cardiac deaths
ventricular fibrillation-V fib
92
very rapid heart beat that begins within the ventricles
ventricular tachycardia
93
inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel
angiitis or vasculitis
94
abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel
angiostenosis
95
benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels
hemangioma
96
deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part
hypoperfusion
97
a form of angiitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time, occurs when certain immune cells attack the affected arteries
polyarteritis
98
disorders of the blood vessels located outside the heart and brain
peripheral vascular disease
99
peripheral vascular disease caused by atherosclerosis, caused impaired circulation which causes a change in skin color and temp, plus intermittent claudication
peripheral arterial occlusive disease
100
peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are trigger by cold or stress, causes paleness, blue color, then redness of fingers and toes
Raynaud's phenomenon
101
localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery
aneurysm
102
group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls
arteriosclerosis
103
condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves
chronic venous insufficiency
104
inflammation of a vein
phlebitis
105
abnormally swollen veins, usually occurring in the superficial veins of the legs, occurs when the valves malfunction causing blood to pool.
varicose veins
106
abnormal condition of having a thrombus
thrombosis
107
blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein
thrombus
108
blocking of an artery by a thrombus
thrombotic occlusion
109
damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery
coronary thrombosis
110
condition of having a thrombus attached to the wall of a deep vein, sometimes occurs when someone is bedridden or sits too long, the danger is that is can break loose and travel to a lung where is can be fatal
deep vein thrombosis
111
sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus
embolism
112
a foreign object, such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in the blood
embolus
113
any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood
blood dyscrasia
114
genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron
hemochromatosis or iron overload disease
115
any situation in which the total number of leukocytes in the circulating blood is less than normal
leukopenia
116
abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow
polycythemia
117
systemic condition caused by the spread of microorganisms and their toxins via circulating blood
speticemia formally known as blood poisoning
118
condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood
thrombocytopenia
119
abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood
thrombocytosis
120
loss of a large amount of blood in a short time
hemorrhage
121
serious, and potentially fatal, complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs bc the patient's blood and the donated blood don't match
transfusion reaction
122
fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body, aids in the production of cell membranes, some hormones, and vt D
cholesterol
123
general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood
hyperlipidemia
124
group of bone marrow disorders that are characterized by the insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow
myelodysplastic syndrome
125
type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood
leukemia
126
lower than normal number of erythrocytes in the blood
anemia
127
absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
aplastic anemia
128
cholesterol that contributes to plaque buildup in the arteries
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-LDL
129
cholesterol that carries unneeded cholesterol back to the liver for processing and does not contribute to plaque buildup
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-HDL
130
combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities
triglycerides
131
condition of an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen
hemolytic anemia
132
most common form of anemia
iron-deficiency anemia
133
blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal, usually results from from a deficiency of folic acid or vit B12
megaloblastic anemia
134
anemia caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb vit B12
pernicious anemia
135
genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape, this shape interferes with normal blood flow, resulting in damage to most of the body systems
sickle cell anemia
136
inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal
thalassemia
137
elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system
hypertension or high blood pressure
138
lower than normal arterial blood pressure
hypotension
139
low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up
orthostatic hypotension
140
radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium
angiography
141
diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart
cardiac catheterization
142
combines angiography with computerized components to clarify the view of the area of interest by removing the soft tissue and bones from the image
digital subtraction angiography
143
diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels
duplex ultrasound
144
radiographic test that provides an image of the leg veins after a contrast dye is injected in the foot
phlebography
145
noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium
electrocardiography
146
record of the electrical activity of the myocardium
electrocardiogram
147
portable electrocardiograph that is worn by patient to monitor heart rates over 24 hour period
Holter monitor
148
performed to assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress
stress test
149
performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise
thallium stress test
150
medication that blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract resulting in hypertension
ACE inhibitor
151
medication that reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of heart beat
beta-blocker
152
medication that causes the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures
calcium channel blocker agents
153
medication administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water
diuretic
154
medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat
antiarrhythmic
155
type of medication that slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming
anticoagulant
156
anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger
coumadin
157
medication that strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows the heart rate, and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues
digitalis
158
drug that dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up
thrombolytic
159
thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke
tissue plasminogen activator
160
drug that causes blood vessels to narrow
vasoconstrictor
161
drug that causes blood vessels to expand
vasodilator
162
vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart
nitroglycerin
163
procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), commonly referred to as simply angioplasty
164
wire-mesh tube that is commonly placed after the artery has been opened
stent
165
describes that condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again
restenosis
166
surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery
atherectomy
167
surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain
carotid endarterectomy
168
surgery in which requires opening the chest, taking a piece of vein from the leg or chest, and implanting it on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or bypass surgery
169
alternative technique for bypass which is performed with the aid of a fiber optic camera
minimally invasive coronary artery bypass, also known as keyhole bypass or buttonhole bypass
170
use of electrical shock to restore heart rhythm
defibrillation
171
device used by non-professionals in emergency situations when defibrillation is required
automated external defibrillator (AED)
172
electronic device used for treatment of bradycardia or atrial fibrillation, can be attached externally or implanted with connections leading to the heart to regulate the beat
artificial pacemaker
173
double-action pacemaker, regulates beat but also acts as an automatic defibrillator
implantable cardioverter defibrillator
174
surgical repair or replacement of a heart valve
valvoplasty
175
surgical removal of an aneurysm
aneurysmectomy
176
surgical suturing of an aneurysm
aneurysmorrhaphy
177
surgical removal of part of an artery
arteriectomy
178
to stop or control bleeding
hemostasis
179
removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood's cellular elements
plasmapheresis
