Ch.5 Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What does the cardiovascular system consist of? what is it’s role in the body?
heart, blood vessels, and blood. To pump blood to all body tissues
what are three things the blood does?
- it is a fluid tissue that transports oxygen and nutrients to the other body tissues
- it returns some waste products from these tissues to the kidneys and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs
- blood cells play important roles in the immune and endocrine systems
double-walled sac that encloses the heart
pericardium
What are the three layers of the heart walls?
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
the external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium
epicardium
middle and thickest layer of the heart, consists of specialized cardiac muscle
myocardium or myocardial muscle
inner lining of the heart, consists of epithelial tissue
endocardium
supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium
coronary arteries
the two upper chambers of the heart, receive all blood
atria
a wall that separates two chambers
septum
two lower chambers of the heart, pump out all blood
ventricles
which walls are thicker, the atria or ventricles? Why?
the ventricles, bc they have to pump the blood throughout the whole body
valve that controls the opening between the right atrium ad the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
valve that is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
pulmonary semilunar valve
valve that is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle, also known as bicuspid valve
mitral valve
valve that is located between the left ventricle and the aorta
aortic semilunar valve
part of the heart that receives oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs
right atrium
part of the heart that pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs
right ventricle
part of the heart that receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins
left atrium
part of the heart that receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium, which is then carried to all parts of the body, except the lungs
left ventricle
What are the two types of circulation? Describe them.
pulmonary circulation-the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs
systemic circulation-flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs
carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs. This is the only place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins.
pulmonary arteries
carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. this is the only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood
pulmonary veins
establishes the basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat using electrical impulses by starting each wave of muscle contraction
sinoatrial node-SA node
receives electrical impulses from the SA node
atrioventricular node-AV node
group of fibers within the interventricular septum which carry the electrical impulse to the purkinje fibers
bundle of His-HISS
specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles which relay the impulses to the cells of the ventricles, causing them to contract
Purkinje fibers
What are the three major types of blood vessels?
- arteries
- capillaries
- veins
large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body
arteries
blood vessel that expands and contracts with the pumping beat of the heart (also why blood will spurt out from beat if severed)
arteries
why is arterial blood bight red?
bc it is oxygen rich
the largest blood vessel in the body and the main trunk of the arterial system
aorta
major arteries that carry blood upward to the head
carotid arteries
smaller thinner branches of arteries that carry blood to the capillaries
arterioles
low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart
veins
what do veins have to prevent blood from flowing away from the heart?
valves
smallest veins that join to form the larger veins
venules
two largest veins in the body that return blood into the heart
venae cavae
smallest blood vessels in the body, form networks of expanded vascular beds that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells of tissues
capillaries
rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart
pulse
measurement of the amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries
blood pressure
highest type of pressure against the walls of an artery, which occurs when the ventricles contract
systolic pressure
lowest type of pressure against the walls of an artery which occurs when the ventricles relax
diastolic pressure
fluid tissue in the body
blood
part of the blood that is straw-colored and contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products
plasma
the two clotting proteins found in plasma used to control bleeding
fibrinogen
prothrombin
the plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed
serum
blood cells whose primary role is to transport oxygen to the tissues
erythrocytes-red blood cells-RBC
iron-containing pigment of erythrocytes which transports the oxygen
hemoglobin
blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances
leukocytes-white blood cells-WBC
formed in red bone marrow and the most common type of white blood cell, play major role in immune system’s defense against pathogens
neutrophils
formed in red bone marrow and the least common type of white blood cells, responsible for the symptoms of allergies
basophils
white blood cell formed in red bone marrow and then migrate to tissues throughout the body, destroy parasitis organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions
eosinophils
white blood cell formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen, that identifies foreign substances and germs and produce antibodies that specifically target them
lymphocytes
white blood cell formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen, provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms
monocytes
smallest formed elements of the blood, play important role in clotting
thrombocytes or platelets
how are blood types classified?
according to the presence or absence of certain antigens
What is the Rh factor?
it refers to the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells, named for rhesus monkeys where it was first found
gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood
blood gases. oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases and disorders of the heart
cardiologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues
hematologist
physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels
vascular surgeon
structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth
congenital heart defects
atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle
coronary artery disease
hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
atherosclerosis
fatty deposit found within the lumen of an artery
plaque
deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall and a characteristic of atherosclerosis
atheroma
group of cardiac disabilities resulting from an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart
ischemic heart disease
condition in which there is an insufficient oxygen supply due to a restricted blood flow to a part of the body
ischemia
condition of episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
angina
occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup
myocardial infarction-heart attack
chronic condition in which the heart is unable to pump out all the blood that it receives, common in elderly, causes fluid build-up (left side-lungs, right side-feet/leg)
congestive heart failure or heart failure
abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure when the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for the loss of its pumping ability
cardiomegaly
inflammation of the heart
carditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
endocarditis
inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, can be caused by dental surgery
bacterial endocarditis
inflammation of the myocardium, can develop as a complication of a viral infection
myocarditis
inflammation of the pericardium that causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac
pericarditis
term used to describe all disease of the heart muscle
cardiomyopathy
abnormal sound heard when listening to the heart or neighboring large blood vessels, most commonly caused by defective heart valves
heart murmur
inflammation fo a heart valve
valvulitis
abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely
valvular prolapse
condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart
valvular stenosis
event in which the heart abruptly stops or develops a very abnormal arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood
cardiac arrest
abnormality or the loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat
arrhythmia
abnormally slow resting heart rate, usually applied to rates less than 60 beats per minute
bradycardia
abnormally rapid resting heart rate, usually applied to rates greater than 100 beats per minute
tachycardia
pounding or racing heart with or without irregularity in rhythm
palpitation
condition in which the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall
atrial fibrillation-A fib
episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate in the atrium, caused by an abnormality in the body’s electrical system
paroxysmal atrial tachycardia-PAT
rapid, irregular, and useless contraction of the ventricles, causes heart muscles to quiver ineffectively, cause of many sudden cardiac deaths
ventricular fibrillation-V fib
very rapid heart beat that begins within the ventricles
ventricular tachycardia
inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel
angiitis or vasculitis
abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel
angiostenosis
benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels
hemangioma
deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part
hypoperfusion
a form of angiitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time, occurs when certain immune cells attack the affected arteries
polyarteritis
disorders of the blood vessels located outside the heart and brain
peripheral vascular disease
peripheral vascular disease caused by atherosclerosis, caused impaired circulation which causes a change in skin color and temp, plus intermittent claudication
peripheral arterial occlusive disease
peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are trigger by cold or stress, causes paleness, blue color, then redness of fingers and toes
Raynaud’s phenomenon
localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery
aneurysm
group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls
arteriosclerosis
condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves
chronic venous insufficiency
inflammation of a vein
phlebitis
abnormally swollen veins, usually occurring in the superficial veins of the legs, occurs when the valves malfunction causing blood to pool.
varicose veins
abnormal condition of having a thrombus
thrombosis
blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein
thrombus
blocking of an artery by a thrombus
thrombotic occlusion
damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery
coronary thrombosis
condition of having a thrombus attached to the wall of a deep vein, sometimes occurs when someone is bedridden or sits too long, the danger is that is can break loose and travel to a lung where is can be fatal
deep vein thrombosis
sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus
embolism
a foreign object, such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in the blood
embolus
any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood
blood dyscrasia
genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron
hemochromatosis or iron overload disease
any situation in which the total number of leukocytes in the circulating blood is less than normal
leukopenia
abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow
polycythemia
systemic condition caused by the spread of microorganisms and their toxins via circulating blood
speticemia formally known as blood poisoning
condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood
thrombocytopenia
abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood
thrombocytosis
loss of a large amount of blood in a short time
hemorrhage
serious, and potentially fatal, complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs bc the patient’s blood and the donated blood don’t match
transfusion reaction
fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body, aids in the production of cell membranes, some hormones, and vt D
cholesterol
general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood
hyperlipidemia
group of bone marrow disorders that are characterized by the insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow
myelodysplastic syndrome
type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood
leukemia
lower than normal number of erythrocytes in the blood
anemia
absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
aplastic anemia
cholesterol that contributes to plaque buildup in the arteries
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-LDL
cholesterol that carries unneeded cholesterol back to the liver for processing and does not contribute to plaque buildup
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-HDL
combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities
triglycerides
condition of an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen
hemolytic anemia
most common form of anemia
iron-deficiency anemia
blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal, usually results from from a deficiency of folic acid or vit B12
megaloblastic anemia
anemia caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb vit B12
pernicious anemia
genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape, this shape interferes with normal blood flow, resulting in damage to most of the body systems
sickle cell anemia
inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal
thalassemia
elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system
hypertension or high blood pressure
lower than normal arterial blood pressure
hypotension
low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up
orthostatic hypotension
radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium
angiography
diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart
cardiac catheterization
combines angiography with computerized components to clarify the view of the area of interest by removing the soft tissue and bones from the image
digital subtraction angiography
diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels
duplex ultrasound
radiographic test that provides an image of the leg veins after a contrast dye is injected in the foot
phlebography
noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium
electrocardiography
record of the electrical activity of the myocardium
electrocardiogram
portable electrocardiograph that is worn by patient to monitor heart rates over 24 hour period
Holter monitor
performed to assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress
stress test
performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise
thallium stress test
medication that blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract resulting in hypertension
ACE inhibitor
medication that reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of heart beat
beta-blocker
medication that causes the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures
calcium channel blocker agents
medication administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water
diuretic
medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat
antiarrhythmic
type of medication that slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming
anticoagulant
anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger
coumadin
medication that strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows the heart rate, and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues
digitalis
drug that dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up
thrombolytic
thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke
tissue plasminogen activator
drug that causes blood vessels to narrow
vasoconstrictor
drug that causes blood vessels to expand
vasodilator
vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart
nitroglycerin
procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), commonly referred to as simply angioplasty
wire-mesh tube that is commonly placed after the artery has been opened
stent
describes that condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again
restenosis
surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery
atherectomy
surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain
carotid endarterectomy
surgery in which requires opening the chest, taking a piece of vein from the leg or chest, and implanting it on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or bypass surgery
alternative technique for bypass which is performed with the aid of a fiber optic camera
minimally invasive coronary artery bypass, also known as keyhole bypass or buttonhole bypass
use of electrical shock to restore heart rhythm
defibrillation
device used by non-professionals in emergency situations when defibrillation is required
automated external defibrillator (AED)
electronic device used for treatment of bradycardia or atrial fibrillation, can be attached externally or implanted with connections leading to the heart to regulate the beat
artificial pacemaker
double-action pacemaker, regulates beat but also acts as an automatic defibrillator
implantable cardioverter defibrillator
surgical repair or replacement of a heart valve
valvoplasty
surgical removal of an aneurysm
aneurysmectomy
surgical suturing of an aneurysm
aneurysmorrhaphy
surgical removal of part of an artery
arteriectomy
to stop or control bleeding
hemostasis
removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood’s cellular elements
plasmapheresis
