Ch. 13 Endocrine System Flashcards
hormones
chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands and have specialized functions in regulating the activities of specific cells, organs, or both
List the 8 major glands of the endocrine system
- pituitary
- pineal
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- thymus
- pancreas
- adrenal
- gonads
aldosterone-ADL
androgens
adrenal cortex
adrenal cortex/gonads
-aids in regulating the levels of salt and water in the body
-influence sex-related characteristics
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
hypothalamus, stored and released from pituitary
helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
pituitary
stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex
calcitonin (CAL)
thyroid
works with the parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues
cortisol
adrenal cortex
regulates the metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins in the body, also has an anti-inflammatory action
epinephrine (Epi, EPI)
adrenal medulla
stimulates the sympathetic nervous system
estrogen (E)
ovaries
develops and maintains the female secondary sex characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
pituitary
stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova, in the male it stimulates the production of sperm
glucagon (GCG)
pancreatic islets
increases the level of glucose in the bloodstream
growth hormone (GH)
pituitary
regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
placenta
stimulates the secretion of the hormones required to maintain pregnancy
insulin
pancreatic islets
regulates the transport of glucose to body cells and stimulates the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen for storage
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
pituitary
stimulates ovulation and testosterone in the male
lactogenic hormone (LTH)
pituitary
stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk
luteinizing hormone (LH)
pituitary
stimulates ovulation and testosterone secretion
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
pituitary
increase the production of melanin in melanocytes of the skin
melatonin
pineal
influences the sleep-wakefulness cycles
norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
stimulates the sympathetic nervous system
oxytocin (OXT)
pituitary
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth, also causes milk to flow from the mammary glands after childbirth
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
parathyroid
works with calcitonin to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues
progesterone
ovaries
completes preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy
testosterone
testicles
stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics
thymosin
thymus
plays an important role in the immune system
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronone (T3)
thyroid
regulate the rate of metabolism
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland
steroid
any one of a large number of hormone-like substances secreted by endocrine glands or artificially produces to relieve swelling and inflammation
anabolic steroids
chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone, used to increase strength and muscle mass
leptin
secreted by fat cells, acts to control the balance of food intake and energy expenditure, also affects female reproduction, immune function, and the function of many other hormones
neurohormones
secreted by specialized cells of the brain, able to affect cells throughout distant parts of the body
hypercrinism
a condition due to excessive secretion of any gland, especially an endocrine gland
hypocrinism
condition caused by deficient secretion of any gland, especially endocrine glands
pituitary gland
pea-sized gland located in the brain whose primary function is to secrete hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands
acromegaly
abnormal enlargement of the hands and feet that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
gigantism
abnormal overgrowth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of the growth hormone before puberty
hyperpituitarism
hypopituitarism
pathology resulting in the excessive secretion by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
-reduced secretion
pituitary adenoma
slow-growing benign tumor of the pituitary gland
prolactinoma
benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes it to produce too much prolactin, in females this causes infertility and changes in menstruation, in males it causes impotence
diabetes insipidus
caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone. causes excessive thirst and excessive urination, and can become serious due to dehydration
pineal gland
very small endocrine gland located in the central portion of the brain, influences sleep-wakefulness cycle
thyroid gland
butterfly-shaped gland found on either side of the larynx, primary function is to regulate the body’s metabolism
hashimoto’s thyroiditis
autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland
cretinism
congenital form of hypothyroidism, will result in arrested physical and mental development if not treated right away
myxedema
aka adult hypothyroidism, caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion, symptoms include swelling around eyes and cheeks, fatigue, and subnormal temp
thyroid storm
rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism
graves’ disease
autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos
goiter
abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland
exophthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit
parathyroid glands
each about the size of a grain of rice, embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, their primary function is to regulate calcium levels in the body by increasing when needed by the release of calcium from bones and teeth
osteitis fibrosa
complication of hyperparathyroidism in which bone becomes softened and deformed and may develop cysts
thymus
located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity, helps with immune function
pancreas
feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of the digestive and endocrine system. in endocrine it helps control blood sugar levels and glucose metabolism
pancreatic islets
the parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions
glucose
blood sugar, basic form of energy used by the body
glycogen
form in which the liver stores excess glucose
type I diabetes
autoimmune insulin deficiency caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells, which means they don’t secrete enough insulin. Treated with diet/exercise and a carefully regulated insulin replacement by injection or pump
type II diabetes
insulin resistant disorder, so the body does not use it effectively and therefore secretes more of it, treated with diet/exercise and oral meds.
fructosamine test
measures average glucose levels over the past 3 weeks
hemoglobin A1c testing
measures average blood glucose over previous 3-4 months
insulin shock
caused by very low blood sugar, eating sugar helps to stabilize
diabetic coma
caused by very high blood sugar, treated with prompt admin of insulin
diabetic retinopathy
occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina, causing blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball, can cause loss of vision
adrenal glands
located on the top of each kidney, helps to control electrolyte levels, regulate metabolism, and interacts with the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress
addison’s disease
occurs when adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone, fatigue, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, and weight loss
aldosteronism
abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone
Conn’s syndrome
disorder of the adrenal glands due to excessive production of aldosterone
pheochromocytoma
benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to produce excess epinephrine
cushing’s syndrome
caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, causes a rounded “moon” face
cortisone
aka hydrocortisone, synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the body, used to suppress inflammation and as an immunosuppressant
epinephrine (meds)
used as a vasoconstrictor to treat conditions such as heart dysrhythmias and asthma attacks
virile
means having the nature, properties, or qualities of an adult male
gynecomastia
condition of excessive mammary development in the male
