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Medical Terminology > Ch. 13 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch. 13 Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands and have specialized functions in regulating the activities of specific cells, organs, or both

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2
Q

List the 8 major glands of the endocrine system

A
  1. pituitary
  2. pineal
  3. thyroid
  4. parathyroid
  5. thymus
  6. pancreas
  7. adrenal
  8. gonads
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3
Q

aldosterone-ADL

androgens

A

adrenal cortex
adrenal cortex/gonads
-aids in regulating the levels of salt and water in the body
-influence sex-related characteristics

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4
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

hypothalamus, stored and released from pituitary

helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted

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5
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

pituitary

stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex

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6
Q

calcitonin (CAL)

A

thyroid

works with the parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues

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7
Q

cortisol

A

adrenal cortex

regulates the metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins in the body, also has an anti-inflammatory action

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8
Q

epinephrine (Epi, EPI)

A

adrenal medulla

stimulates the sympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

estrogen (E)

A

ovaries

develops and maintains the female secondary sex characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle

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10
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

pituitary

stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova, in the male it stimulates the production of sperm

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11
Q

glucagon (GCG)

A

pancreatic islets

increases the level of glucose in the bloodstream

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12
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

pituitary

regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues

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13
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A

placenta

stimulates the secretion of the hormones required to maintain pregnancy

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14
Q

insulin

A

pancreatic islets

regulates the transport of glucose to body cells and stimulates the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen for storage

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15
Q

interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

A

pituitary

stimulates ovulation and testosterone in the male

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16
Q

lactogenic hormone (LTH)

A

pituitary

stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk

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17
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

pituitary

stimulates ovulation and testosterone secretion

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18
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

pituitary

increase the production of melanin in melanocytes of the skin

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19
Q

melatonin

A

pineal

influences the sleep-wakefulness cycles

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20
Q

norepinephrine

A

adrenal medulla

stimulates the sympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

oxytocin (OXT)

A

pituitary

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth, also causes milk to flow from the mammary glands after childbirth

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22
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

parathyroid

works with calcitonin to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues

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23
Q

progesterone

A

ovaries

completes preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy

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24
Q

testosterone

A

testicles

stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics

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25
Q

thymosin

A

thymus

plays an important role in the immune system

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26
Q

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronone (T3)

A

thyroid

regulate the rate of metabolism

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27
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland

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28
Q

steroid

A

any one of a large number of hormone-like substances secreted by endocrine glands or artificially produces to relieve swelling and inflammation

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29
Q

anabolic steroids

A

chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone, used to increase strength and muscle mass

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30
Q

leptin

A

secreted by fat cells, acts to control the balance of food intake and energy expenditure, also affects female reproduction, immune function, and the function of many other hormones

31
Q

neurohormones

A

secreted by specialized cells of the brain, able to affect cells throughout distant parts of the body

32
Q

hypercrinism

A

a condition due to excessive secretion of any gland, especially an endocrine gland

33
Q

hypocrinism

A

condition caused by deficient secretion of any gland, especially endocrine glands

34
Q

pituitary gland

A

pea-sized gland located in the brain whose primary function is to secrete hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands

35
Q

acromegaly

A

abnormal enlargement of the hands and feet that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

36
Q

gigantism

A

abnormal overgrowth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of the growth hormone before puberty

37
Q

hyperpituitarism

hypopituitarism

A

pathology resulting in the excessive secretion by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

-reduced secretion

38
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

slow-growing benign tumor of the pituitary gland

39
Q

prolactinoma

A

benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes it to produce too much prolactin, in females this causes infertility and changes in menstruation, in males it causes impotence

40
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone. causes excessive thirst and excessive urination, and can become serious due to dehydration

41
Q

pineal gland

A

very small endocrine gland located in the central portion of the brain, influences sleep-wakefulness cycle

42
Q

thyroid gland

A

butterfly-shaped gland found on either side of the larynx, primary function is to regulate the body’s metabolism

43
Q

hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland

44
Q

cretinism

A

congenital form of hypothyroidism, will result in arrested physical and mental development if not treated right away

45
Q

myxedema

A

aka adult hypothyroidism, caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion, symptoms include swelling around eyes and cheeks, fatigue, and subnormal temp

46
Q

thyroid storm

A

rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism

47
Q

graves’ disease

A

autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos

48
Q

goiter

A

abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland

49
Q

exophthalmos

A

abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit

50
Q

parathyroid glands

A

each about the size of a grain of rice, embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, their primary function is to regulate calcium levels in the body by increasing when needed by the release of calcium from bones and teeth

51
Q

osteitis fibrosa

A

complication of hyperparathyroidism in which bone becomes softened and deformed and may develop cysts

52
Q

thymus

A

located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity, helps with immune function

53
Q

pancreas

A

feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of the digestive and endocrine system. in endocrine it helps control blood sugar levels and glucose metabolism

54
Q

pancreatic islets

A

the parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions

55
Q

glucose

A

blood sugar, basic form of energy used by the body

56
Q

glycogen

A

form in which the liver stores excess glucose

57
Q

type I diabetes

A

autoimmune insulin deficiency caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells, which means they don’t secrete enough insulin. Treated with diet/exercise and a carefully regulated insulin replacement by injection or pump

58
Q

type II diabetes

A

insulin resistant disorder, so the body does not use it effectively and therefore secretes more of it, treated with diet/exercise and oral meds.

59
Q

fructosamine test

A

measures average glucose levels over the past 3 weeks

60
Q

hemoglobin A1c testing

A

measures average blood glucose over previous 3-4 months

61
Q

insulin shock

A

caused by very low blood sugar, eating sugar helps to stabilize

62
Q

diabetic coma

A

caused by very high blood sugar, treated with prompt admin of insulin

63
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina, causing blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball, can cause loss of vision

64
Q

adrenal glands

A

located on the top of each kidney, helps to control electrolyte levels, regulate metabolism, and interacts with the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress

65
Q

addison’s disease

A

occurs when adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone, fatigue, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, and weight loss

66
Q

aldosteronism

A

abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone

67
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

disorder of the adrenal glands due to excessive production of aldosterone

68
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to produce excess epinephrine

69
Q

cushing’s syndrome

A

caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, causes a rounded “moon” face

70
Q

cortisone

A

aka hydrocortisone, synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the body, used to suppress inflammation and as an immunosuppressant

71
Q

epinephrine (meds)

A

used as a vasoconstrictor to treat conditions such as heart dysrhythmias and asthma attacks

72
Q

virile

A

means having the nature, properties, or qualities of an adult male

73
Q

gynecomastia

A

condition of excessive mammary development in the male

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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