Ch. 12 Integumentary System Flashcards
sebaceous glands
secrete sebum (oil) that lubricates the skin and discourages the growth of bacteria on the skin
sweat glands
help regulate body temp and water content by secreting sweat, a small amount of metabolic waste is also secreted
what does hair help with?
helps control the loss of body heat
what do nails do?
protects the dorsal surface of the last bone of each toe and finger
epidermis
the outermost layer of skin
epithelial tissues
for a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
squamous epithelial tissue
forms the upper layer of the epidermis, consists of flat, scaly cells that are continuously shed
keratin
fibrous, water-repellent protein. Soft keratin is a primary component of the epidermis, hard keratin is found in the hair and nails.
melanocytes
cells in the basal layer that produce and contain a dark brown to black pigment called melanin
dermis
thick layer of living tissue directly below the epidermis, it contains connective tissue, blood and lymph vessels, and nerve fibers
sensory nerve endings
sensory receptors stimuli such as touch, temp, pain, and pressure
collagen
means glue, a tough, yet flexible, fibrous protein material found in the skin and in the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
mast cells
found in connective tissue of the dermis, respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances, including heparin and histamine
heparin
released in response to an injury, anticoagulant
histamine
released in response to allergens, causes the signs of an allergic response, including itching and increased mucus secretion
subcutaneous layer
located just below the skin, connects the skin to the surface muscles
hidrosis
the production and excretion of sweat
arrector pili
tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles that case the hair to stand erect
unguis
finger nail or toenail
lunula
pale half-moon shaped region at every nail root, active area of the nail where new keratin cells form
comedo
noninfected lesion formed by the buildup of sebum and keratin in a hair follicle
anhidrosis
abnormal condition of lacking sweat in response to hear
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
hyperhidrosis
a condition of sweating in one area or over the whole body
miliaria
heat rash or prickly heat, an intensely itchy rash caused by blockage of the sweat glands by bacteria and dead cells
sleep hyperhidrosis
night sweats, occurrence of excessive hyperhidrosis during sleep
hirsutism
presence of excessive body and facial hair in women, usually occurring in a male pattern
alopecia
baldness
alopecia areata
autoimmune disorder that attacks the hair follicles, causing well-defined bald areas on the scalp or elsewhere on the body
alopecia capitis totalis
uncommon condition characterized by the loss of all the hair on the scalp
alopecia universalis
the total loss of hair on all parts of the body
clubbing
abnormal curving of the nails that is often accompanied by enlargement of the fingertips
koilonychia
spoon nail, malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave or scooped out like the bowl of spoon
onychia
inflammation of the matrix of the nail that usually results in the loss of the nail
onychocryptosis
ingrown toenail, the edges of a toenail, usually on the big toe, curve inward and cut into the skin
onychomycosis
fungal infection of the nail
onychophagia
nail biting or eating
paronychia
an acute or chronic infection of the skin fold around a nail
chloasma
a pigmentation disorder characterized by brownish spots on the face, can occur during pregnancy
melanosis
any condition of unusual deposits of black pigment in different parts of the body
vitiligo
skin condition resulting from the destruction of the melanocytes due to unknown causes, characterized by irregular patches of white skin, hair in that area will also be white
ecchymosis
bruise
purpura
the appearance of multiple purple discolorations on the skin caused by bleeding underneath the skin
petechiae
very small pinpoint hemorrhages that are less than 2mm in diameter, sometimes result in high fevers
hematoma
usually caused by injury, is a swelling of clotted blood trapped in the tissues
lesion
a pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury
crust
scab, collection of dried serum and cellular debris
macule
discolored flat spot that is less than 1cm in diameter, freckles, flat moles
nodule
solid, raised skin lesion that is larger than 0.5cm in diameter and deeper than a papule, can cause scarring as acne
papule
small raised red lesion that is less than 0.5cm and does not contain pus, small pimple and insect bites
plaque
scaly, solid raised area of closely space papules, psoriasis
scales
flakes or dry patches made up of excess dead epidermal cells
verrucae
warts, small hard lesions caused by HPV
wheal
welt, small bump that itches, can appear as a symptom of an allergic reaction
abscess
closed pocket containing pus that is caused by a bacteria infection
cyst
abnormal sac containing gas, fluid, or a semisolid material
pustule
pimple, small circumscribed lesion containing pus
vesicle
small blister, less than 0.5sm containing watery fluid, poison ivy
bulla
large blister that is usually more than 0.5cm
abrasion
an injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped or rubbed away
pressure sore
bedsore, ulcerated area in which prolonged pressure has caused tissue death
fissure
a groove or crack-like break in the skin
laceration
a torn or jagged wound, or an accidental cut wound
ulcer
an open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges
port-wine stain
a large, reddish-purple discoloration of the face or neck
strawberry hemangioma
a soft, raised, dark-reddish-purple birthmark
dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
contact dermatitis
a localized allergic response caused by contact with an irritant, diaper rash
eczema
a form of persistent or recurring dermatitis that is usually characterized by redness, itching, and dryness, with possible blistering, cracking, oozing, or bleeding, appears to be an abnormal response of the body’s immune system
pruritus
itching, associated with most form of dermatitis
erythema
redness of the skin due to capillary dilation
erythroderma
abnormal redness of the entire skin surface
exfoliative dermatitis
condition in which there is widespread scaling of the skin, often with pruritus, erythroderma, and hair loss, may occur in severe cases of many common skin conditions
dermatosis
a general term used to denote skin lesions or eruptions of any type that are not associated with inflammation
ichthyosis
a group of hereditary disorders characterized by dry, thickened, and scaly skin, caused by either the slowing of the skin’s natural shedding process or by a rapid increase in the production of the skin’s cells
lipedema
a chronic abnormal condition that is characterized by the accumulation of fat and fluid in the tissues just under the skin of the hips and legs
lupus erythematosus
lupus, autoimmune disorder characterized by a red, scaly rash on the face and upper trunk, also attacks connective tissue in other body systems, especially the joints
psoriasis
common skin disorder characterized by flare-ups in which red papules covered with silvery scales occur on the elbows, knees, scalp, back , or butt
rosacea
adult acne, characterized by tiny red pimples and broken blood vessels, chronic and usually develops in those with fair skin btw 30-60 years old
rhinophyma
usually occurs in older men, characterized by hyperplasia (overgrowth) of the tissues of the nose and is associated with advanced rosacea
scleroderma
an autoimmune disorder in which the connective tissues become thickened and hardened, causing the skin to become hard and swollen
urticaria
hives, itchy wheals caused by an allergic reaction
xeroderma
excessively dry skin
carbuncle
cluster of connected furuncles
cellulitis
acute, rapidly spreading infection within the connective tissues that is characterized by malaise, swelling, warmth and red streaks
furuncles
boils, are large tender, swollen areas caused by a staph infection around hair follicles or sebaceous glands
gangrene
tissue death most commonly caused by a loss of circulation to the affected tissues, followed by bacterial invasion
impetigo
highly contagious bacterial skin infection that commonly occurs in children
necrotizing fasciitis
severe infection caused by Group A strep bacteria (flesh-eating bacteria)
pyoderma
any acute, inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection such as impetigo
tinea
ring-worm bc it spreads in a worm-like circle, a fungal infection that can grow on the skin, hair or nails
tinea capitis
found on the scalps of children
tinea corporis
fungal infection of the skin on the body
tinea cruris
jock itch, found in the genital area
tinea pedis
athletes foot, found btw the toes and on the feet
tinea versicolor
fungal infection that causes painless, discolored areas on the skin
infestation
the dwelling of microscopic parasites on external surface tissue
pediculosis
an infestation with lice
scabies
skin infection caused by an infestation with the itch mite, which causes small itchy bumps and blisters due to tiny mites that burrow into the top layer of skin to lay their eggs
callus
thickening of part of the skin on the hands or feet caused by repeated rubbing
cicatrix
normal scar resulting from the healing of a wound
granulation tissue
the tissue that normally forms during the healing of a wound
granuloma
a general term used to describe small, knot-like swellings of granulation tissue
keloid
an abnormally raised or thickened scar that expands beyond the boundaries of the incision
keratosis
any skin growth, such as a wart or callus, in which there is overgrowth and thickening of the skin
lipoma
a benign, slow-growing fatty tumor located btw the skin ad the muscle layer
nevi
moles, small, dark, skin growths that develop from melanocytes in the skin
papilloma
benign, superficial wart-like growth on the epithelial tissue or elsewhere in the body, such as the bladder
polyp
general term used most commonly to describe a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane
skin tags
small, flesh-colored or light-brown polyps that hand form the body by fine stalks
actinic keratosis
precancerous skin growth that occurs on sun-damaged skin, often looks like a red scaly patch and feels like sandpaper
basal cell carcinoma
malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis, most common and least harmful bc it is slow-growing and rarely spreads to other parts of the body, the lesions mainly appear on the face or neck and tend to bleed easily
squamous cell carcinoma
originates as a malignant tumor of the scaly squamous cells of the epithelium, can quickly spread to other body systems, begins as sores that will not heal or have a crusted look
malignant melanoma
type of skin cancer that occurs in the melanocytes, most serious type of skin cancer and the first signs are changes in a mole
curettage
the removal of material from the surface by scaping
debridement
removal of dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue, and cellular debris from a wound to prevent infection and to promote healing
dermabrasion
a form of abrasion involving the use of a revolving wire brush or sandpaper, used to remove acne and chickenpox scars as well as for facial skin rejuvenation
mohs surgery
technique used to treat skin cancer, individual layers of cancer tissue are removed and examined under a microscope one at a time until all cancerous tissue has been removed
blepharoplasty
lid lift, the surgical reduction of the upper and lower eyelids
dermatoplasty
skin graft, the replacement of damaged skin with healthy tissue taken from a donor site on the patient’s body
electrolysis
the use of electric current to destroy hair follicles in order to produce the relatively permanent removal of undesired hair
rhytidectomy
facelift, surgical removal of excess skin and fat around that face to eliminate wrinkles
sclerotherapy
treatment of spider veins
